Ahmad Mansoor, Muhammad Noor, Jahan Noor, Ahmad Manzoor, Qureshi Mahmood, Jan Syed Umar
Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan.
Pak J Pharm Sci. 2012 Jan;25(1):267-75.
Scrophularia nodosa (figwort), an indigenous medicinal plant grows in moist and cultivated waste ground. It contains saponins, cardioactive glycosides, flavonoids, resin, sugar and organic acids. It is traditionally used for anti-inflammatory purpose and in skin disorders. It has diuretic and cardiac stimulant properties. The present studies were carried out on crude extract of Scrophularia nodosa and its n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous fractions. During phytochemical studies seven known compounds of flavonoid nature were isolated from the chloroform fraction of crude extract of S. nodosa. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic (UV, IR, Mass (EIMS, HREIMS) and NMR ((1)H-NMR, (13)C-NMR, DEPT, and (1)H-(1)H, COSY, HMQC, HMBC and NOESY) techniques. Compound 1 was identified as 5, 4`-hydroxy-3, 6, 7-trimethoxyflavone, compound 2 as 5-hydroxy-3,6,7,4'-tetramethoxyflavone, compound 3 as Centaurein, compound 4 as 5-hydroxy-7,8,2',3',4'-pentamethoxyflavone (Serpyllin), compound 5 as Kaempferol 7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside, compound 6 as sakuranetin 4'-O (6''-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-β-D-glucopyranoside (Vitexoside) and compound 7 as Spinoside. Crude extract and its fractions were tested on isolated rabbit intestine (in vitro) for their effects. The results of crude extract and its fractions in different doses showed the decrease in normal movement of the smooth muscles of rabbit intestine (jejunum). The chloroform fraction showed maximum relaxant effect (77.37%) at 15mg/ml dose and aqueous fraction showed 38.56% spasmogenic response which was not present in the crude extract. Further study was carried out on different fractions to investigate the possible mechanism of action of S. nodosa extract. For this purpose spasmolytic effect of different fractions were compared with agonist and antagonist activities of standard drugs including adrenaline, atropine andacetylcholine (1x10(-2), 1x10(-4) and 10(-6) M conc.). It is concluded that the chemical constituents present in S. nodosa having spasmolytic action are possibly acting through muscarinic receptors.
玄参是一种本土药用植物，生长在潮湿的开垦荒地中。它含有皂苷、强心苷、黄酮类化合物、树脂、糖和有机酸。传统上，它用于抗炎目的和治疗皮肤疾病。它具有利尿和心脏刺激特性。本研究针对玄参的粗提物及其正己烷、氯仿、乙酸乙酯、正丁醇和水相部分进行。在植物化学研究过程中，从玄参粗提物的氯仿部分分离出七种已知的黄酮类化合物。通过光谱技术（紫外、红外、质谱（电子轰击质谱、高分辨电子轰击质谱）和核磁共振（氢核磁共振、碳核磁共振、无畸变极化转移增强法以及氢-氢、化学位移相关谱、异核多量子相干谱、异核多键相关谱和核欧沃豪斯效应谱））阐明了这些化合物的结构。化合物1被鉴定为5,4-二羟基-3,6,7-三甲氧基黄酮，化合物2为5-羟基-3,6,7,4-四甲氧基黄酮，化合物3为矢车菊素，化合物4为5-羟基-7,8,2,3,4-五甲氧基黄酮（蛇床素），化合物5为山奈酚7-O-α-L-鼠李糖苷，化合物6为樱花素4-O（6``-O-α-L-鼠李糖基）-β-D-葡萄糖苷（牡荆苷），化合物7为菠菜苷。对粗提物及其各部分进行了离体兔肠（体外）试验以观察其作用效果。粗提物及其不同剂量部分的结果显示，兔肠（空肠）平滑肌的正常运动减少。氯仿部分在15mg/ml剂量时显示出最大松弛作用（77.37%），水相部分显示出38.56%的致痉挛反应，而粗提物中不存在这种反应。对不同部分进行了进一步研究，以探讨玄参提取物可能的作用机制。为此，将不同部分的解痉作用与包括肾上腺素、阿托品和乙酰胆碱（浓度分别为1x10(-2)、1x10(-4)和10(-6) M）在内的标准药物的激动剂和拮抗剂活性进行了比较。得出的结论是，玄参中具有解痉作用的化学成分可能是通过毒蕈碱受体起作用的。
