The EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research and the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011 Dec 22;8:141. doi: 10.1186/1479-5868-8-141.
Fruit and vegetable (FV) intake in children in the Netherlands is much lower than recommended. Recurrent appraisal of intake levels is important for detecting changes in intake over time and to inform future interventions and policies. The aim of the present study was to investigate differences in fruit and vegetable intake, and whether these could be explained by differences in potential determinants of FV intake in 11-year-old Dutch schoolchildren, by comparing two school samples assessed in 2003 and 2009.
For 1105 children of the Pro Children study in 2003 and 577 children of the Pro Greens study in 2009 complete data on intake and behavioural determinants were available. The self-administered questionnaire included questions on children's ethnicity, usual fruit and vegetable intake, mother's educational level, and important potential determinants of fruit and vegetable intake.Multiple regression analysis was applied to test for differences in intake and determinants between study samples. Mediation analyses were used to investigate whether the potential mediators explained the differences in intake between the two samples.
In 2009, more children complied with the World Health Organization recommendation of 400 g fruit and vegetables per day (17.0%) than in 2003 (11.8%, p = 0.004). Fruit consumption was significantly higher in the sample of 2009 than in the sample of 2003 (difference = 23.8 (95%CI: 8.1; 39.5) grams/day). This difference was mainly explained by a difference in the parental demand regarding their child's intake (23.6%), followed by the child's knowledge of the fruit recommendation (14.2%) and parental facilitation of consumption (18.5%). Vegetable intake was lower in the 2009 sample than in the 2003 sample (12.3 (95%CI -21.0; -3.6). This difference could not be explained by the assessed mediators.
The findings indicate that fruit intake among 11-year-olds improved somewhat between 2003 and 2009. Vegetable intake, however, appears to have declined somewhat between 2003 and 2009. Since a better knowledge of the recommendation, parental demand and facilitation explained most of the observed fruit consumption difference, future interventions may specifically address these potential mediators. Further, the provision of vegetables in the school setting should be considered in order to increase children's vegetable intake.
荷兰儿童的水果和蔬菜（FV）摄入量远低于建议量。反复评估摄入量水平对于检测随时间推移的摄入量变化以及为未来的干预措施和政策提供信息非常重要。本研究的目的是调查 11 岁荷兰学童的水果和蔬菜摄入量差异，并通过比较 2003 年和 2009 年评估的两个学校样本，探讨这些差异是否可以用潜在的 FV 摄入量决定因素来解释。
对于 2003 年 Pro Children 研究中的 1105 名儿童和 2009 年 Pro Greens 研究中的 577 名儿童，完整的数据包括摄入量和行为决定因素。自我管理的问卷包括儿童种族、日常水果和蔬菜摄入量、母亲的教育水平以及水果和蔬菜摄入量的重要潜在决定因素。应用多元回归分析检验研究样本中摄入量和决定因素的差异。进行中介分析以调查潜在中介因素是否解释了两个样本之间摄入量的差异。
2009 年，遵守世界卫生组织建议的每天摄入 400 克水果和蔬菜的儿童（17.0%）比 2003 年（11.8%）更多（p=0.004）。2009 年样本的水果摄入量明显高于 2003 年样本（差异=23.8（95%CI：8.1；39.5）克/天）。这种差异主要归因于父母对孩子摄入量的要求（23.6%）、孩子对水果推荐的了解（14.2%）和父母促进消费（18.5%）方面的差异。2009 年样本的蔬菜摄入量低于 2003 年样本（12.3（95%CI：-21.0；-3.6）。这一差异无法用评估的中介因素来解释。
研究结果表明，2003 年至 2009 年间，11 岁儿童的水果摄入量有所改善。然而，2003 年至 2009 年间，蔬菜摄入量似乎有所下降。由于对推荐、父母的需求和促进的了解更好解释了观察到的水果消费差异的大部分原因，未来的干预措施可能会特别针对这些潜在的中介因素。此外，为了增加儿童的蔬菜摄入量，应考虑在学校环境中提供蔬菜。
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