Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Box 110, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK.
Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2012 Jan 1;17(1):248-61. doi: 10.2741/3925.
The loss of cells is an important factor in many diseases, including those of the cardiovascular system. Whereas apoptosis is an essential process in development and tissue homeostasis, its occurrence is often associated with various pathologies. Apoptosis of neurons that fail to make appropriate connections is essential for the selection of correct neural signalling in the developing embryo, but its appearance in adults is often associated with neurodegenerative disease. Similarly, in the cardiovascular system, remodeling of the mammalian outflow tract during the transition from a single to dual series circulation with four chambers is accompanied by a precise pattern of cell death, but apoptosis of cardiomyocytes contributes to ischemia-reperfusion injury in the heart. In many cases, it is unclear whether apoptosis represents a causative association or merely a consequence of the disease itself. There are many excellent reviews on cell death in the cardiovascular system (1-5); in this review we outline the critical signalling pathways that promote the survival of cardiovascular cells, and their relevance to both physiological cell death and disease.
细胞的损失是许多疾病的一个重要因素，包括心血管系统疾病。细胞凋亡是发育和组织内稳态的一个必要过程，但它的发生通常与各种病理有关。未能建立适当连接的神经元凋亡对于胚胎中正确的神经信号传递是必要的，但在成年人中出现时通常与神经退行性疾病有关。同样，在心血管系统中，从单系列循环到具有四个腔室的双系列循环的过渡期间，哺乳动物流出道的重塑伴随着精确的细胞死亡模式，但心肌细胞的凋亡导致心脏的缺血再灌注损伤。在许多情况下，尚不清楚细胞凋亡是因果关系还是疾病本身的结果。有许多关于心血管系统细胞死亡的优秀综述(1-5)；在这篇综述中，我们概述了促进心血管细胞存活的关键信号通路，以及它们与生理细胞死亡和疾病的相关性。
