Implant Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, Implant Dentistry, Hong Kong, China.
Clin Oral Implants Res. 2012 Feb;23 Suppl 5:1-21. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0501.2011.02375.x.
Removal of teeth results in both horizontal and vertical changes of hard and soft tissue dimensions. The magnitude of these changes is important for decision-making and comprehensive treatment planning, with provisions for possible solutions to expected complications during prosthetic rehabilitation.
To review all English dental literature to assess the magnitude of dimensional changes of both the hard and soft tissues of the alveolar ridge up to 12 months following tooth extraction in humans.
An electronic MEDLINE and CENTRAL search complemented by manual searching was conducted to identify randomized controlled clinical trials and prospective cohort studies on hard and soft tissue dimensional changes after tooth extraction. Only studies reporting on undisturbed post-extraction dimensional changes relative to a fixed reference point over a clearly stated time period were included. Assessment of the identified studies and data extraction was performed independently by two reviewers. Data collected were reported by descriptive methods. Weighted means and percentages of the dimensional changes over time were calculated where appropriate.
The search provided 3954 titles and 238 abstracts. Full text analysis was performed for 104 articles resulting in 20 studies that met the inclusion criteria. In human hard tissue, horizontal dimensional reduction (3.79 ± 0.23 mm) was more than vertical reduction (1.24 ± 0.11 mm on buccal, 0.84 ± 0.62 mm on mesial and 0.80 ± 0.71 mm on distal sites) at 6 months. Percentage vertical dimensional change was 11-22% at 6 months. Percentage horizontal dimensional change was 32% at 3 months, and 29-63% at 6-7 months. Soft tissue changes demonstrated 0.4-0.5 mm gain of thickness at 6 months on the buccal and lingual aspects. Horizontal dimensional changes of hard and soft tissue (loss of 0.1-6.1 mm) was more substantial than vertical change (loss 0.9 mm to gain 0.4 mm) during observation periods of up to 12 months, when study casts were utilized as a means of documenting the changes.
Human re-entry studies showed horizontal bone loss of 29-63% and vertical bone loss of 11-22% after 6 months following tooth extraction. These studies demonstrated rapid reductions in the first 3-6 months that was followed by gradual reductions in dimensions thereafter.
拔牙会导致硬组织和软组织的水平和垂直方向发生变化。这些变化的幅度对于决策和全面的治疗计划非常重要，并且需要为修复期间可能出现的并发症提供解决方案。
综述所有英文牙科文献，评估人类拔牙后 12 个月内牙槽嵴软硬组织的尺寸变化幅度。
通过电子 MEDLINE 和 CENTRAL 搜索，并辅以手动搜索，确定了关于拔牙后硬组织和软组织尺寸变化的随机对照临床试验和前瞻性队列研究。仅纳入了报告相对于固定参考点在明确规定时间内未受干扰的拔牙后尺寸变化的研究。两名评审员独立进行了研究评估和数据提取。以描述性方法报告收集的数据。在适当的情况下，计算了随时间变化的尺寸变化的加权平均值和百分比。
搜索提供了 3954 个标题和 238 个摘要。对 104 篇文章进行了全文分析，其中 20 篇文章符合纳入标准。在人类硬组织中，水平方向的尺寸减少（3.79 ± 0.23mm）大于垂直方向的减少（颊侧 1.24 ± 0.11mm，近中侧 0.84 ± 0.62mm，远中侧 0.80 ± 0.71mm），6 个月时更为明显。6 个月时，垂直方向的尺寸变化百分比为 11-22%。3 个月时，水平方向的尺寸变化百分比为 32%，6-7 个月时为 29-63%。软组织变化显示，6 个月时颊侧和舌侧的厚度增加了 0.4-0.5mm。在观察期内，使用研究模型作为记录变化的手段时，硬组织和软组织的水平方向变化（损失 0.1-6.1mm）大于垂直方向的变化（损失 0.9mm，增加 0.4mm），可达 12 个月。
人类再进入研究显示，拔牙后 6 个月时，水平骨丢失 29-63%，垂直骨丢失 11-22%。这些研究表明，在最初的 3-6 个月内会迅速减少，此后逐渐减少。
