Department of Oral Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. Crispian.scully@ ucl.ac.uk
Oral Dis. 2012 May;18(4):333-45. doi: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2011.01890.x. Epub 2012 Jan 25.
This article reviews the aetiopathogenesis of halitosis (oral malodour) and management. Halitosis is any disagreeable breath odour. In most patients, the odour originates from the oral cavity. In some patients, it has an extra-oral aetiology and, in a few, metabolic anomalies are responsible. In other patients complaining of malodour, this is imagined rather than real. Volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) and other elements appear largely responsible for the malodour. Predisposing factors include poor oral hygiene, hyposalivation, dental appliances, gingival and periodontal disease and mucosal disease. The first step in assessment is objective measurement to determine whether malodour is present. If present, the oral or extra-oral origin should be determined, because the latter requires medical investigation and support in therapy, as is also the case where the malodour is imagined rather than real. Oral malodour is managed largely by oral health improvement, plus use of one or more of the wide range of antimalodour therapies, and sometimes also with use of a malodour counteractive. Emergent treatments include probiotics and vaccines targeted against causal micro-organisms or their products.
本文综述了口臭（口腔异味）的病因和治疗方法。口臭是指任何令人不愉快的呼吸气味。在大多数患者中，气味来源于口腔。在一些患者中，它具有口腔外病因，而在少数患者中，代谢异常是其原因。对于其他抱怨有异味的患者，这种异味是想象出来的，而不是真实存在的。挥发性硫化合物（VSCs）和其他元素似乎是异味的主要原因。易患因素包括口腔卫生不良、唾液分泌减少、牙具、牙龈和牙周疾病以及黏膜疾病。评估的第一步是客观测量，以确定是否存在异味。如果存在异味，则应确定其口腔或口腔外来源，因为后者需要医学调查和治疗支持，对于想象出来的异味也是如此。口腔异味主要通过改善口腔健康来治疗，加上使用一种或多种广谱抗异味疗法，有时还需要使用异味中和剂。紧急治疗包括针对致病微生物或其产物的益生菌和疫苗。
