University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA.
J Interpers Violence. 2012 Aug;27(12):2465-83. doi: 10.1177/0886260511433512. Epub 2012 Jan 24.
The prevalence of sexual violence is increasingly being studied in India. Yet the determinants of sexual violence, irrespective of physical violence, remain largely unexplored. Here the authors identify the determinants of sexual violence, and additionally, explore how the presence of physical violence modifies these determinants. A cross-sectional analysis is conducted using baseline data from a longitudinal study involving young married women attending reproductive health clinics in Southern India. A multivariable logistic regression analysis is conducted to first identify determinants of sexual violence and then repeated after stratifying elements based on presence or absence of physical violence identified from participants' reports. 36% and 50% of the participants report experiencing sexual and physical violence, respectively. After adjusting for other covariates, women's partners' characteristics are found most significantly associated with their odds of experiencing sexual violence. These characteristics include husbands' primary education, employment as drivers, alcohol consumption, and having multiple sex partners. Women's contribution to household income also increases their odds of experiencing sexual violence by almost twofold; however, if they are solely responsible for "all" household income, the relationship is found to be protective. Physical violence modifies the determinants of sexual violence, and among women not experiencing physical violence, husbands' primary education and employment as drivers increase women's odds of experiencing sexual violence nearly threefold, and women who contribute "all" the household income (n = 62) do not experience sexual violence. These relationships are not significant among women experiencing physical violence. Study findings improve the understanding of the determinants of sexual violence. Future research is needed to examine the risk factors for different types of GBV independently and to tease apart the differences in risk factors depending on women's experiences. The significance of male partners' characteristics warrants in-depth research, and in order to promote gender-equitable norms, future interventions need to focus on male behaviors and men's day-to-day survival challenges, all of which likely influence conflicts in marital relationships.
印度对性暴力的流行情况进行了越来越多的研究。然而，无论是否存在身体暴力，性暴力的决定因素在很大程度上仍未得到探索。在这里，作者确定了性暴力的决定因素，并进一步探讨了身体暴力的存在如何改变这些决定因素。本研究使用来自印度南部生殖健康诊所就诊的年轻已婚女性的纵向研究的基线数据进行横断面分析。采用多变量逻辑回归分析首先确定性暴力的决定因素，然后根据参与者报告中确定的身体暴力的存在与否，对这些决定因素进行分层后再次进行分析。分别有 36%和 50%的参与者报告经历过性暴力和身体暴力。在调整其他协变量后，发现女性伴侣的特征与她们经历性暴力的几率最显著相关。这些特征包括丈夫的小学教育、作为司机的职业、饮酒和拥有多个性伴侣。女性对家庭收入的贡献也使她们经历性暴力的几率增加近两倍；然而，如果她们独自负责“全部”家庭收入，则这种关系被发现具有保护作用。身体暴力改变了性暴力的决定因素，在没有经历身体暴力的女性中，丈夫的小学教育和作为司机的职业使女性经历性暴力的几率增加近三倍，而独自负责“全部”家庭收入的女性（n=62）则没有经历性暴力。在经历身体暴力的女性中，这些关系并不显著。研究结果提高了对性暴力决定因素的理解。未来的研究需要独立研究不同类型的性别暴力的风险因素，并厘清这些风险因素因女性经历而异的差异。男性伴侣特征的重要性需要深入研究，为了促进性别平等规范，未来的干预措施需要关注男性行为和男性的日常生存挑战，所有这些都可能影响婚姻关系中的冲突。
