Cancer epidemiology in the paper and pulp industry.

Several studies of pulp and paper workers have demonstrated increased risks for certain cancer sites, e.g. tumours of the lymphatic and haematopoietic system as well as stomach cancer. An impressive lung cancer excess was found among paper and board mill workers in Finland, but not in studies elsewhere. Individual exposures have not been estimated, neither has a job-exposure matrix been applied in any of the studies. Therefore, it is impossible to link any of the excesses to specific single compounds or mixtures, of which there are a multitude in the pulp and paper industries. Although there are high quantities of organic chlorine compounds in the process mixtures and waste, the compounds have low volatility and occupational exposures are not necessarily high. Estimations of individual occupational exposure should be mandatory in future epidemiological studies in this industry.