Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V’s vej 11, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
Int J Legal Med. 2012 Jul;126(4):541-7. doi: 10.1007/s00414-012-0671-0.
A study was performed on the detection, separation and quantification of isomers from the new designer drugs named fluoroamphetamines (FAs) in forensic cases in eastern Denmark. The drugs were detected in whole blood extracts by ultraperformance liquid chromatography with time of flight mass spectrometer (UPLC-TOF-MS) and thereafter verified and quantified by UPLC tandem mass spectrometer (MS/MS). The quantitative method involved liquid–liquid extraction of FAs from whole blood, evaporation of organic solvent, and reconstitution with a mobile phase mixture. Identification of the FAs was achieved by the retention time, multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) traces [154 > 109 (quantifier); 154 > 137], and ion ratio of the two transitions. For all FAs, LOQ was 0.002 mg/kg with linear ranges from 0.002 to 1.0 mg/kg whole blood. Since 2008, a total of 15 forensic investigations, mainly driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) cases, involving 4-fluoroamphetamine (4-FA) have been observed with whole blood concentrations ranging from 0.006 to 0.58 mg/kg. One autopsy case involved 4-FA; however, it was determined to be a combined intoxication. In 2010, ortho-fluoroamphetamine (2-FA) was discovered in forensic samples by the same UPLC/MS/MS method and MRM functions because of variation in retention time and ion ratio. Up to now, three eastern Danish DUID cases have involved 2-FA. The whole blood concentrations of 2-FA were 0.028, 0.041 and 0.37 mg/kg, respectively. Thirteen cases with 4-FA and the three cases with 2-FA also contained amphetamine, but no correlation was observed between the amount of FA and amphetamine. So far, 3-FA has not been observed in any cases, and although it co-elutes with 4-FA, 3-FA will be identified by its variation in ion ratio. To our knowledge, this study has confirmed 2-FA in blood from DUID cases for the first time, and provides typical whole blood concentrations of FAs in forensic cases.
在丹麦东部进行了一项研究，旨在检测、分离和定量新型设计药物——氟苯丙胺（FAs）在法医案例中的同系物。通过超高效液相色谱飞行时间质谱仪（UPLC-TOF-MS）检测全血提取物中的药物，并用 UPLC 串联质谱仪（MS/MS）进行验证和定量。定量方法包括从全血中用液液萃取法提取 FAs，蒸发有机溶剂，然后用流动相混合物重新配制。通过保留时间、多重反应监测（MRM）痕迹[154 > 109（定量器）；154 > 137]和两个跃迁的离子比来识别 FAs。对于所有 FAs，定量下限（LOQ）为 0.002 毫克/公斤，全血线性范围为 0.002 至 1.0 毫克/公斤。自 2008 年以来，共进行了 15 项法医调查，主要涉及药物影响下的驾驶（DUID）案件，涉及 4-氟苯丙胺（4-FA），全血浓度范围为 0.006 至 0.58 毫克/公斤。一个尸检案例涉及 4-FA，但被确定为混合中毒。2010 年，由于保留时间和离子比的变化，相同的 UPLC/MS/MS 方法和 MRM 功能在法医样本中发现了邻氟苯丙胺（2-FA）。到目前为止，有三个丹麦东部的 DUID 案例涉及 2-FA。2-FA 的全血浓度分别为 0.028、0.041 和 0.37 毫克/公斤。13 例含有 4-FA，3 例含有 2-FA，还含有苯丙胺，但未观察到 FA 和苯丙胺的数量之间存在相关性。到目前为止，还没有在任何案例中观察到 3-FA，尽管它与 4-FA 共洗脱，但可以通过其离子比的变化来识别 3-FA。据我们所知，这项研究首次在 DUID 案例的血液中证实了 2-FA，并提供了法医案例中 FAs 的典型全血浓度。
