Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America.
PLoS One. 2012;7(1):e29687. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029687. Epub 2012 Jan 25.
The early African experience in the Americas is marked by the transatlantic slave trade from ∼1619 to 1850 and the rise of the plantation system. The origins of enslaved Africans were largely dependent on European preferences as well as the availability of potential laborers within Africa. Rice production was a key industry of many colonial South Carolina low country plantations. Accordingly, rice plantations owners within South Carolina often requested enslaved Africans from the so-called "Grain Coast" of western Africa (Senegal to Sierra Leone). Studies on the African origins of the enslaved within other regions of the Americas have been limited. To address the issue of origins of people of African descent within the Americas and understand more about the genetic heterogeneity present within Africa and the African Diaspora, we typed Y chromosome specific markers in 1,319 men consisting of 508 west and central Africans (from 12 populations), 188 Caribbeans (from 2 islands), 532 African Americans (AAs from Washington, DC and Columbia, SC), and 91 European Americans. Principal component and admixture analyses provide support for significant Grain Coast ancestry among African American men in South Carolina. AA men from DC and the Caribbean showed a closer affinity to populations from the Bight of Biafra. Furthermore, 30-40% of the paternal lineages in African descent populations in the Americas are of European ancestry. Diverse west African ancestries and sex-biased gene flow from EAs has contributed greatly to the genetic heterogeneity of African populations throughout the Americas and has significant implications for gene mapping efforts in these populations.
早期非洲人在美洲的经历以 1619 年至 1850 年的跨大西洋奴隶贸易和种植园制度的兴起为标志。被奴役的非洲人的起源在很大程度上取决于欧洲人的偏好以及非洲内部潜在劳动力的供应情况。稻米生产是南卡罗来纳州许多低地种植园的主要产业。因此，南卡罗来纳州的种植园主经常从所谓的“粮食海岸”（塞内加尔到塞拉利昂）请求非洲奴隶。其他美洲地区的非洲裔奴隶的起源研究受到限制。为了解决美洲非洲裔人的起源问题，并更多地了解非洲和非洲侨民内部的遗传异质性，我们对来自西非和中非的 508 人（来自 12 个群体）、188 名加勒比人（来自 2 个岛屿）、532 名非裔美国人（来自华盛顿特区和南卡罗来纳州哥伦比亚市的非裔美国人）和 91 名欧洲裔美国人进行了特定于 Y 染色体的标记分型。主成分和混合分析支持南卡罗来纳州非裔美国人中存在大量的“粮食海岸”祖先。来自华盛顿特区和加勒比地区的非裔美国人与来自比夫拉湾的人群有更密切的亲缘关系。此外，美洲非洲裔人群中的父系血统有 30-40%来自欧洲祖先。西非多样化的祖先和来自欧洲裔美国人的性别偏向的基因流极大地促进了整个美洲非洲人群体的遗传异质性，并对这些人群中的基因图谱绘制工作具有重要意义。
