Department of Entomology, North Carolina State University, Mountain Horticultural Crops Research & Extension Center, Mills River, NC 28759, USA.
J Econ Entomol. 2011 Dec;104(6):1950-9. doi: 10.1603/ec11070.
The codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), are two key pests of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) in North Carolina. Growers extensively relied on organophosphate insecticides, primarily azinphosmethyl, for > 40 yr to manage these pests. Because of organophosphate resistance development and regulatory actions, growers are transitioning to management programs that use new, reduced-risk, and OP-replacement insecticides. This study evaluated the toxicity of a diversity of replacement insecticides to eggs, larvae, and adults, as well as an assessment of their residual activity, to codling moth and oriental fruit moth. Laboratory-susceptible strains of both species were used for all bioassays. Fresh field-harvested apples were used as a media for assessing the ovicidal activity of insecticides. For larval studies, insecticides were topically applied to the surface of lima bean-based diet, onto which neonates were placed. Toxicity was based on two measures of mortality; 5-d mortality and development to adult stage. Ovicidal bioassays showed that oriental fruit moth eggs were generally more tolerant than codling moth eggs to insecticides, with novaluron, acetamiprid, and azinphoshmethyl having the highest levels of toxicity to eggs of both species. In contrast, codling moth larvae generally were more tolerant than oriental fruit moth to most insecticides. Methoxyfenozide and pyriproxyfen were the only insecticides with lower LC50 values against codling moth than oriental fruit moth neonates. Moreover, a number of insecticides, particularly the IGRs methoxyfenozide and novaluron, the anthranilic diamide chlorantriliprole, and the spinosyn spinetoram, provided equal or longer residual activity against codling moth compared with azinphosmethyl in field studies. Results are discussed in relation to their use in devising field use patterns of insecticides and for insecticide resistance monitoring programs.
苹小卷叶蛾（Cydia pomonella（L.））和东方果实蝇（Grapholita molesta（Busck））是北卡罗来纳州苹果的两种关键害虫。种植者在过去 40 多年中广泛依赖有机磷杀虫剂，主要是敌敌畏来防治这些害虫。由于有机磷抗性的发展和监管行动，种植者正在转向使用新的、低风险和替代有机磷的杀虫剂的管理方案。本研究评估了多种替代杀虫剂对苹果小卷叶蛾和东方果实蝇卵、幼虫和成虫的毒性，以及它们对苹果小卷叶蛾和东方果实蝇的残留活性的评估。所有生物测定均使用实验室敏感品系的两种物种。新鲜的田间收获的苹果被用作评估杀虫剂杀卵活性的媒介。对于幼虫研究，将杀虫剂局部施用于基于利马豆的饮食表面，然后将幼虫放在上面。死亡率是基于两种死亡衡量标准；5 天死亡率和发育至成虫阶段。杀卵生物测定表明，东方果实蝇卵通常比苹果小卷叶蛾卵对杀虫剂更具耐受性，其中多杀菌素、噻虫胺和敌敌畏对两种物种的卵均具有最高的毒性。相比之下，苹果小卷叶蛾幼虫通常比东方果实蝇对大多数杀虫剂更具耐受性。甲氧虫酰肼和吡丙醚是对苹果小卷叶蛾幼虫 LC50 值低于东方果实蝇幼虫的仅有的两种杀虫剂。此外，许多杀虫剂，特别是 IGR 甲氧虫酰肼和多杀菌素、邻苯二甲酰胺氯虫苯甲酰胺和多杀菌素 spinetoram，在田间研究中对苹果小卷叶蛾的残留活性与敌敌畏相当或更长。结果与设计杀虫剂田间使用模式和杀虫剂抗性监测计划有关。
