Pisa L W, Amaral-Rogers V, Belzunces L P, Bonmatin J M, Downs C A, Goulson D, Kreutzweiser D P, Krupke C, Liess M, McField M, Morrissey C A, Noome D A, Settele J, Simon-Delso N, Stark J D, Van der Sluijs J P, Van Dyck H, Wiemers M
Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Institute, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 2, 3584 CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands,
Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2015 Jan;22(1):68-102. doi: 10.1007/s11356-014-3471-x. Epub 2014 Sep 17.
We assessed the state of knowledge regarding the effects of large-scale pollution with neonicotinoid insecticides and fipronil on non-target invertebrate species of terrestrial, freshwater and marine environments. A large section of the assessment is dedicated to the state of knowledge on sublethal effects on honeybees (Apis mellifera) because this important pollinator is the most studied non-target invertebrate species. Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths), Lumbricidae (earthworms), Apoidae sensu lato (bumblebees, solitary bees) and the section "other invertebrates" review available studies on the other terrestrial species. The sections on freshwater and marine species are rather short as little is known so far about the impact of neonicotinoid insecticides and fipronil on the diverse invertebrate fauna of these widely exposed habitats. For terrestrial and aquatic invertebrate species, the known effects of neonicotinoid pesticides and fipronil are described ranging from organismal toxicology and behavioural effects to population-level effects. For earthworms, freshwater and marine species, the relation of findings to regulatory risk assessment is described. Neonicotinoid insecticides exhibit very high toxicity to a wide range of invertebrates, particularly insects, and field-realistic exposure is likely to result in both lethal and a broad range of important sublethal impacts. There is a major knowledge gap regarding impacts on the grand majority of invertebrates, many of which perform essential roles enabling healthy ecosystem functioning. The data on the few non-target species on which field tests have been performed are limited by major flaws in the outdated test protocols. Despite large knowledge gaps and uncertainties, enough knowledge exists to conclude that existing levels of pollution with neonicotinoids and fipronil resulting from presently authorized uses frequently exceed the lowest observed adverse effect concentrations and are thus likely to have large-scale and wide ranging negative biological and ecological impacts on a wide range of non-target invertebrates in terrestrial, aquatic, marine and benthic habitats.
我们评估了有关新烟碱类杀虫剂和氟虫腈大规模污染对陆地、淡水和海洋环境中非靶标无脊椎动物物种影响的知识现状。评估的很大一部分致力于关于对蜜蜂（西方蜜蜂）亚致死效应的知识现状，因为这种重要的传粉者是研究最多的非靶标无脊椎动物物种。鳞翅目（蝴蝶和蛾类）、正蚓科（蚯蚓）、广义蜜蜂科（熊蜂、独居蜂）以及“其他无脊椎动物”部分回顾了关于其他陆地物种的现有研究。淡水和海洋物种部分相对较短，因为到目前为止，关于新烟碱类杀虫剂和氟虫腈对这些广泛暴露栖息地中多样的无脊椎动物群落的影响知之甚少。对于陆地和水生无脊椎动物物种，描述了新烟碱类杀虫剂和氟虫腈的已知影响，范围从生物体毒理学和行为影响到种群水平的影响。对于蚯蚓、淡水和海洋物种，描述了研究结果与监管风险评估的关系。新烟碱类杀虫剂对广泛的无脊椎动物，特别是昆虫，表现出非常高的毒性，实际田间暴露很可能导致致死和一系列重要的亚致死影响。关于对绝大多数无脊椎动物的影响存在重大知识空白，其中许多无脊椎动物在使生态系统健康运转方面发挥着重要作用。少数进行了田间试验的非靶标物种的数据受到过时试验方案中重大缺陷的限制。尽管存在很大的知识空白和不确定性，但现有知识足以得出结论，即目前授权使用所导致的新烟碱类和氟虫腈的现有污染水平经常超过观察到的最低不利影响浓度，因此很可能对陆地、水生、海洋和底栖栖息地中的广泛非靶标无脊椎动物产生大规模和广泛的负面生物和生态影响。
