Wildlife Conservation Society, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
Am J Primatol. 2012 Apr;74(4):381-93. doi: 10.1002/ajp.21998. Epub 2012 Feb 6.
The untufted, or gracile, capuchin monkeys are currently classified in four species, Cebus albifrons, C. capucinus, C. olivaceus, and C. kaapori, with all but C. kaapori having numerous described subspecies. The taxonomy is controversial and their geographic distributions are poorly known. Cebus albifrons is unusual in its disjunct distribution, with a western and central Amazonian range, a separate range in the northern Andes in Colombia, and isolated populations in Trinidad and west of the Andes in Ecuador and northern Peru. Here we examine previous morphological and molecular hypotheses of the taxonomy and phylogeny of Cebus. We construct a time-calibrated phylogeny based upon mitochondrial DNA sequences from 50 Cebus samples from across their range. Our data indicate that untufted capuchins underwent a radiation at about 2 Ma, and quickly diversified in both the Andes and the Amazon. We provide a provisional reassessment for the taxonomy of untufted capuchins in the Amazon, the Llanos, the Andes, Trinidad, and Central America, splitting currently paraphyletic taxa into several species, including: at least two Amazonian species (C. yuracus and C. unicolor); a species from the Guiana Shield (most likely the same as Humboldt's C. albifrons); two northern Andean species, C. versicolor, C. cesarae; C. brunneus (with trinitatis a junior synonym) on the Venezuelan coast, and C. adustus in the region of Lake Maracaibo; C. capucinus in northwestern Ecuador and Colombia, and Panama; C. imitator in Central America; C. olivaceus and C. castaneus occupying a large part of the Guiana Shield; and C. kaapori in the eastern Amazon, south of the Rio Amazonas. More intensive and extensive geographic sampling is needed, including that for some subspecies not represented here. Taxa from the southwestern Amazon (yuracus, cuscinus, and unicolor) and the phylogenetic position of Humboldt's Simia albifrons from the Orinoco remain particularly poorly defined.
无簇绒或纤细的短尾猴目前分为四个物种，白脸卷尾猴、白肩卷尾猴、白足卷尾猴和卡波氏卷尾猴，除了卡波氏卷尾猴之外，其他所有物种都有许多描述亚种。其分类学存在争议，它们的地理分布也知之甚少。白脸卷尾猴的分布呈不连续状态，分布在西部和中部亚马逊地区，在哥伦比亚北部安第斯山脉有一个单独的分布区，在特立尼达以及厄瓜多尔和秘鲁北部的安第斯山脉以西也有孤立的种群。在这里，我们研究了之前关于白脸卷尾猴分类和系统发育的形态学和分子假说。我们构建了一个基于来自其分布范围内的 50 个白脸卷尾猴样本的线粒体 DNA 序列的时间校准的系统发育树。我们的数据表明，无簇绒短尾猴在大约 200 万年前经历了辐射，然后在安第斯山脉和亚马逊地区迅速多样化。我们为亚马逊、拉诺斯、安第斯山脉、特立尼达和中美洲的无簇绒短尾猴的分类学提供了一个暂定的评估，将目前的并系分类群分为几个物种，包括：至少两个亚马逊物种（白脸卷尾猴和双色卷尾猴）；圭亚那地盾的一个物种（很可能与洪堡的白脸卷尾猴相同）；两个北部安第斯山脉的物种，紫喉卷尾猴和黑帽卷尾猴；委内瑞拉沿海的 C. brunneus（与 trinitatis 为同物异名）和马拉开波湖地区的 C. adustus；厄瓜多尔西北部和哥伦比亚以及巴拿马的 C. capucinus；中美洲的 C. imitator；占据圭亚那地盾大部分地区的 C. olivaceus 和 C. castaneus；以及亚马逊东部的 C. kaapori，位于亚马逊河以南。需要进行更密集和广泛的地理采样，包括对这里未代表的一些亚种进行采样。来自西南亚马逊地区的物种（yuracus、cuscinus 和 unicolor）以及来自奥里诺科河的洪堡氏 Simia albifrons 的系统发育位置仍然特别难以定义。
