Norn Svend, Permin Henrik, Kruse Poul R, Kruse Edith
Dan Medicinhist Arbog. 2011;39:59-80.
Gold has a long history as a therapeutic agent, first as gold particles and colloidal gold, then as a soluble salt made by the alchemists, and potable gold was recommended almost as a panacea against different diseases. Gold compounds were introduced in the treatment of tuberculosis, based initially on the reputation of Robert Koch, who found gold cyanide effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in cultures. Although several investigations of gold salts showed no convincing effect in experimental tuberculosis in guinea pigs, the idea of using gold compounds as chemotherapy was furthermore encouraged from the work of Paul Ehrlich with arsenicals. The enthusiasm and the craving desperately for a remedy for tuberculosis forced Danish physicians, in the mid-1920s to treat tuberculosis with Sanocrysin (gold sodium thiosulfate). Professor Holger Møllgaard, in collaboration with the clinicians the professors Knud Secher and Knud Faber, was the theoretical promoter of the project. He recommended sanocrysin-antiserum therapy, since sanocrysin caused serious reactions in tuberculosis animals, possible by releasing toxins from tubercle bacilli "killed" by sanocrysin. However the enthusiastic response to sanocrysin in Europe declined along by controlled trials and reports on toxicity in the 1930s. The belief that rheumatoid arthritis was a form of tuberculosis caused a renaissance in chrysotherapy. In France Jacques Forestier obtained encouraging results in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis with myochrysine and other gold salts, and he pointed out the disease modifying effect of chrysotherapy. In Denmark Knud Secher, who was the clinical initiator of Sanocrysin therapy in tuberculosis, now became the founder of chrysotherapy in rheumatoid arthritis. Although new potential agents are now taking over in the treatment of arthritis, it is still believed, that there is a place for the chrysotherapy. However a new future for gold, in the form of nanoparticles, appears on the horizon, especially in the imaging, diagnostics and therapies of cancer.
黄金作为一种治疗剂有着悠久的历史，最初是作为金颗粒和胶体金，然后是炼金术士制造的可溶性盐，可饮用金几乎被推荐为治疗各种疾病的万灵药。金化合物被引入结核病治疗，最初是基于罗伯特·科赫的声誉，他发现氰化金在培养物中对结核分枝杆菌有效。尽管对金盐的多项研究表明，在豚鼠实验性结核病中没有令人信服的效果，但保罗·埃尔利希使用砷剂的工作进一步推动了使用金化合物进行化疗的想法。20世纪20年代中期，丹麦医生对治疗结核病的迫切热情和渴望促使他们用硫代苹果酸金钠（Sanocrysin）治疗结核病。霍尔格·莫尔加德教授与临床医生克努德·泽舍尔教授和克努德·法贝尔教授合作，是该项目的理论推动者。他推荐硫代苹果酸金钠 - 抗血清疗法，因为硫代苹果酸金钠在结核病动物中会引起严重反应，可能是通过从被硫代苹果酸金钠“杀死”的结核杆菌中释放毒素。然而，20世纪30年代，随着对照试验和毒性报告的出现，欧洲对硫代苹果酸金钠的热情反应有所下降。认为类风湿性关节炎是结核病一种形式的观点导致了金疗法的复兴。在法国，雅克·福雷斯蒂埃用硫代葡萄糖金和其他金盐治疗类风湿性关节炎取得了令人鼓舞的结果，他指出了金疗法的疾病改善作用。在丹麦，克努德·泽舍尔是硫代苹果酸金钠治疗结核病的临床发起者，现在成为了类风湿性关节炎金疗法的创始人。尽管现在有新的潜在药物正在取代关节炎的治疗，但人们仍然认为金疗法有一席之地。然而，以纳米颗粒形式存在的黄金的新前景正在出现，特别是在癌症的成像、诊断和治疗方面。
