Cohen-Kettenis P T, Arrindell W A
Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Psychol Med. 1990 Aug;20(3):613-20. doi: 10.1017/s0033291700017128.
The parental representations of male-to-female and female-to-male transsexuals were rated using the EMBU inventory. Scores on the measure were compared against ratings returned by controls of similar biological sex, matched on age, educational level and number of female siblings in an ANCOVA design. In line with previous findings by Parker & Barr (1982), who studied male-to-female transsexuals only, these patients were found not to differ from the male controls in their scoring of their mothers, but did score their fathers as less emotionally warm, more rejecting and more protective. Extending the findings by Parker & Barr (1982), female-to-male transsexuals rated both parents as more rejecting and less emotionally warm, but only their mothers as more protective than their female control equivalents rated theirs. Parental divorce distinguished both patient groups from controls, although further analyses revealed this not to imply more parental absence in patients than in controls. Male and female transsexuals differed from each other in some respects (e.g. lower scores on parental emotional warmth and higher scores on maternal rejection for the female patients), while being comparable in other respects (e.g. parental divorce).
使用父母养育方式评价量表（EMBU）对男变女和女变男的变性者的父母表征进行评分。在协方差分析设计中，将该量表的得分与年龄、教育水平和女性兄弟姐妹数量相匹配的相同生物性别的对照组的评分进行比较。与帕克和巴尔（1982年）之前仅研究男变女变性者的研究结果一致，发现这些患者在对母亲的评分上与男性对照组没有差异，但在对父亲的评分上，情感温暖度更低、拒绝程度更高且保护欲更强。扩展帕克和巴尔（1982年）的研究结果，女变男的变性者认为父母双方的拒绝程度更高且情感温暖度更低，但仅认为他们的母亲比与之对应的女性对照组的母亲更具保护欲。父母离婚使两个患者组与对照组区分开来，但进一步分析表明，这并不意味着患者的父母缺席情况比对照组更多。男、女变性者在某些方面存在差异（例如，女性患者在父母情感温暖度方面得分较低，在母亲拒绝方面得分较高），而在其他方面具有可比性（例如，父母离婚情况）。
