R&D Centre, British American Tobacco, SouthamptonUnited Kingdom.
Inhal Toxicol. 2006 Apr;18(4):255-94. doi: 10.1080/08958370500444163.
Measurements on the retention of cigarette smoke constituents in the human respiratory tract have been undertake for more than 100 years. The first studies on nicotine retention were begun by Lehmann in Germany in 1903 and published in 1908. The first studies on the retention of smoke particulate matter were published by Baumbereger in the United States in 1923. Since those early publications, many studies have been undertaken, more or less continuously. This article is a review of the work that has been done over the last 100 years, including a large number of unpublished studies undertaken by British American Tobacco in Southampton, UK. The techniques used have evolved over the years and there is a certain amount of variation in the data. However, the general trends in the results are reassuringly consistent. The bulk of the studies indicate that, on average, 60 to 80% of the mainstream smoke particulate matter is retained in the lungs after inhalation. For nicotine, carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, and aldehydes the total retentions are of the order of 90-100, 55-65, 100, and approximately 90%, respectively, during cigarette smoke inhalation. For most smoke constituents the retentions in the mouth only are considerably smaller than in the whole respiratory tract. The lung retention values for smoke particulate matter are dependent on the depth of inhalation, hold time in the lungs, exhalation volume, and other factors. However, the degree of nicotine retention following inhalation is not markedly influenced by changes in respiratory parameters. Furthermore, the percentage retentions for smoke particulate matter and nicotine are smaller for nonsmoking subjects exposed to environmental tobacco smoke than with active smoking. The smoke retentions are related to properties of the smoke aerosol particles and gases and their behavior as they travel through the respiratory tract. This includes particle growth in the respiratory tract and evaporation of gases out of the particles, and relevant aspects of these processes are also reviewed.
对香烟烟雾成分在人体呼吸道中滞留的测量已经进行了 100 多年。尼古丁滞留的最早研究是由德国的 Lehmann 于 1903 年开始的，并于 1908 年发表。关于烟雾颗粒物滞留的最早研究是由美国的 Baumbereger 于 1923 年发表的。自这些早期出版物以来，已经进行了许多或多或少持续不断的研究。本文回顾了过去 100 年来所做的工作，其中包括英美烟草公司在英国南安普顿进行的大量未发表的研究。所用的技术多年来一直在发展，数据也存在一定的变化。然而，结果的总体趋势令人放心地一致。大多数研究表明，在吸入后，主流烟雾颗粒物中有 60%到 80%平均滞留在肺部。对于尼古丁、一氧化碳、一氧化氮和醛，在吸入香烟烟雾时，总滞留量分别为 90-100、55-65、100 和大约 90%。对于大多数烟雾成分，在口腔中的滞留量明显小于整个呼吸道。颗粒物在口腔中的滞留量取决于吸入的深度、在肺部的停留时间、呼气量和其他因素。然而，吸入后尼古丁的滞留程度不会因呼吸参数的变化而明显受到影响。此外，与主动吸烟相比，暴露于环境烟草烟雾的非吸烟者对烟雾颗粒物和尼古丁的滞留百分比较小。烟雾滞留与烟雾气溶胶颗粒和气体的特性及其在呼吸道中的行为有关。这包括呼吸道中颗粒的生长以及气体从颗粒中的蒸发，并且还回顾了这些过程的相关方面。
