University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
Maturitas. 2012 Sep;73(1):33-44. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2012.01.019. Epub 2012 Mar 7.
Nanotechnology holds the promise of novel and more effective treatments for vexing human health issues. Among these are the use of nanoparticle platforms for site-specific delivery of therapeutics to tumors, both by passive and active mechanisms; the latter includes magnetic vectoring of magnetically responsive nanoparticles (MNP) that are functionalized to carry a drug payload that is released at the tumor. The conceptual basis, which actually dates back a number of decades, resides in physical (magnetic) enhancement, with magnetic field gradients aligned non-parallel to the direction of flow in the tumor vasculature, of existing passive mechanisms for extravasation and accumulation of MNP in the tumor interstitial fluid, followed by MNP internalization. In this review, we will assess the most recent developments and current status of this approach, considering MNP that are composed of one or more of the three elements that are ferromagnetic at physiological temperature: nickel, cobalt and iron. The effects on cellular functions in vitro, the ability to successfully vector the platform in vivo, the anti-tumor effects of such localized nano-vectors, and any associated toxicities for these MNP will be presented. The merits and shortcomings of nanomaterials made of each of the three elements will be highlighted, and a roadmap for moving this long-established approach forward to clinical evaluation will be put forth.
纳米技术有望为棘手的人类健康问题提供新颖且更有效的治疗方法。其中包括利用纳米颗粒平台通过被动和主动机制将治疗剂递送到肿瘤部位；后者包括通过对功能化的顺磁纳米颗粒 (MNP) 进行磁导向，将药物有效载荷递送到肿瘤部位，然后释放出来。该概念实际上可以追溯到几十年前，其基础在于物理（磁）增强，即磁场梯度与肿瘤血管中的流动方向不平行，从而增强了 MNP 被动机制的外渗和在肿瘤间质液中的积累，随后是 MNP 的内化。在这篇综述中，我们将评估这种方法的最新进展和现状，考虑由生理温度下具有铁磁性的一种或多种三种元素组成的 MNP：镍、钴和铁。我们将介绍细胞功能的体外影响、在体内成功载体平台的能力、这种局部纳米载体的抗肿瘤效果以及这些 MNP 相关的任何毒性。将突出强调由这三种元素中的每一种制成的纳米材料的优点和缺点，并提出将这一长期确立的方法推进到临床评估的路线图。
