Relevance of systems pharmacology in drug discovery.

The pharmaceutical industry is in the process of re-inventing its pipeline in an attempt to overcome its increasing phase II and III attrition rates. Here, we describe how systems pharmacology can be used as a risk assessment tool to alleviate this problem before bringing in larger investments. We propose that this translational research tool could provide a valuable, complementary addition to other emerging innovative approaches for target identification and validation in discovery and, ultimately, for aiding clinical trial optimization.