Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
Waste Manag Res. 2012 Mar;30(3):237-54. doi: 10.1177/0734242X12437569.
This paper uses the 'lens' of integrated and sustainable waste management (ISWM) to analyse the new data set compiled on 20 cities in six continents for the UN-Habitat flagship publication Solid Waste Management in the World's Cities. The comparative analysis looks first at waste generation rates and waste composition data. A process flow diagram is prepared for each city, as a powerful tool for representing the solid waste system as a whole in a comprehensive but concise way. Benchmark indicators are presented and compared for the three key physical components/drivers: public health and collection; environment and disposal; and resource recovery--and for three governance strategies required to deliver a well-functioning ISWM system: inclusivity; financial sustainability; and sound institutions and pro-active policies. Key insights include the variety and diversity of successful models - there is no 'one size fits all'; the necessity of good, reliable data; the importance of focusing on governance as well as technology; and the need to build on the existing strengths of the city. An example of the latter is the critical role of the informal sector in the cities in many developing countries: it not only delivers recycling rates that are comparable with modern Western systems, but also saves the city authorities millions of dollars in avoided waste collection and disposal costs. This provides the opportunity for win-win solutions, so long as the related wider challenges can be addressed.
本文利用综合可持续废物管理（ISWM）的“视角”，对在六大洲 20 个城市为联合国人居署旗舰出版物《世界城市固体废物管理》所编制的新数据集进行了分析。该比较分析首先着眼于垃圾产生率和垃圾组成数据。为每个城市编制了一个工艺流程图，作为一个强大的工具，以全面但简明的方式表示整个固体废物系统。还提出并比较了三个关键物理组成部分/驱动因素的基准指标：公共卫生和收集；环境和处置；资源回收——以及为实现功能良好的 ISWM 系统所需的三项治理战略：包容性；财务可持续性；健全的机构和积极主动的政策。主要见解包括成功模式的多样性——没有“一刀切”的解决方案；良好、可靠数据的必要性；关注治理以及技术的重要性；以及需要利用城市现有的优势。后者的一个例子是在许多发展中国家，非正式部门在城市中的关键作用：它不仅实现了与现代西方系统相当的回收利用率，而且还为城市当局节省了数百万美元的垃圾收集和处置费用。只要能够应对相关的更广泛挑战，这就为双赢解决方案提供了机会。
