Sangkachai Nareerat, Gummow Bruce, Hayakijkosol Orachun, Suwanpakdee Sarin, Wiratsudakul Anuwat
ASEAN Institute for Health Development, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
The Monitoring and Surveillance Center for Zoonotic Diseases in Wildlife and Exotic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.
One Health. 2024 Oct 10;19:100915. doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2024.100915. eCollection 2024 Dec.
An increasing trend in zoonotic and emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) has been observed worldwide. Most EID outbreaks originate from wildlife, and these outbreaks often involve pathogen-host-environment interaction. Garbage dumps act as an interface between humans, animals, and the environment, from which EIDs could arise. Therefore, this review considers the presence of important pathogens associated with animals and vectors at garbage dumps from a One Health perspective, looking at animal, human, and environmental factors that play a role. A narrative review was performed focusing on four key points, including garbage dumps, animals, waste pickers, zoonoses and EIDs. Articles addressing the presence of terrestrial animals, insects in garbage dumps, and infectious diseases among waste pickers were included in this study. There were 345 relevant articles covering 395 species of terrestrial animals and insects, consisting of 4 species of amphibians, 180 species of birds, 84 species of insects, 114 species of mammals, and 13 species of reptiles. Furthermore, 97 articles (28.12 %) addressed pathogens found in those populations. About half of the articles were interested in bacterial diseases (52.58 %), followed by parasitic diseases (30.93 %) and viral diseases (30.93 %). Zoonotic pathogens were described in 53.6 % of all articles, while 19.59 % focused on drug-resistant microbes, 13.40 % on rodent-borne diseases, and 7.21 % on vector-borne diseases. Garbage dumps would play a role in the emergence of diseases. The relevant factors at garbage dumps that may increase the risk of disease emergence include increased animal populations and density, increased vector population, newly evolved strains of pathogens, increased interaction between humans, domestic animals, wildlife, and vectors, and socio-economic factors. Therefore, sustainable waste management will reduce waste generation, and improve waste collection, and disposal which helps reduce the emergence of new diseases.
全球范围内，人畜共患和新出现的传染病（EIDs）呈上升趋势。大多数EID疫情起源于野生动物，且这些疫情往往涉及病原体-宿主-环境的相互作用。垃圾场是人类、动物和环境之间的一个界面，EIDs可能由此产生。因此，本综述从“同一健康”的角度考虑垃圾场中与动物和病媒相关的重要病原体的存在情况，探讨起作用的动物、人类和环境因素。进行了一项叙述性综述，重点关注四个关键点，包括垃圾场、动物、拾荒者、人畜共患病和EIDs。本研究纳入了涉及垃圾场中陆生动物、昆虫的存在情况以及拾荒者中传染病的文章。有345篇相关文章，涵盖395种陆生动物和昆虫，其中包括4种两栖动物、180种鸟类、84种昆虫、114种哺乳动物和13种爬行动物。此外，97篇文章（28.12%）涉及在这些种群中发现的病原体。约一半的文章关注细菌性疾病（52.58%），其次是寄生虫病（30.93%）和病毒性疾病（30.93%）。53.6%的文章描述了人畜共患病原体，而19.59%关注耐药微生物，13.40%关注啮齿动物传播的疾病，7.21%关注病媒传播的疾病。垃圾场在疾病的出现中会起到作用。垃圾场中可能增加疾病出现风险的相关因素包括动物数量和密度增加、病媒数量增加、病原体新进化的菌株、人类、家畜、野生动物和病媒之间相互作用增加以及社会经济因素。因此，可持续的废物管理将减少废物产生，并改善废物收集和处理情况，这有助于减少新疾病的出现。
