Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
Infect Immun. 2012 Jun;80(6):1948-57. doi: 10.1128/IAI.06014-11. Epub 2012 Mar 12.
Interaction of microbes with their environment depends on features of the dynamic microbial surface throughout cell growth and division. Surface modifications, whether used to acquire nutrients, defend against other microbes, or resist the pressures of a host immune system, facilitate adaptation to unique surroundings. The release of bioactive membrane vesicles (MVs) from the cell surface is conserved across microbial life, in bacteria, archaea, fungi, and parasites. MV production occurs not only in vitro but also in vivo during infection, underscoring the influence of these surface organelles in microbial physiology and pathogenesis through delivery of enzymes, toxins, communication signals, and antigens recognized by the innate and adaptive immune systems. Derived from a variety of organisms that span kingdoms of life and called by several names (membrane vesicles, outer membrane vesicles [OMVs], exosomes, shedding microvesicles, etc.), the conserved functions and mechanistic strategies of MV release are similar, including the use of ESCRT proteins and ESCRT protein homologues to facilitate these processes in archaea and eukaryotic microbes. Although forms of MV release by different organisms share similar visual, mechanistic, and functional features, there has been little comparison across microbial life. This underappreciated conservation of vesicle release, and the resulting functional impact throughout the tree of life, explored in this review, stresses the importance of vesicle-mediated processes throughout biology.
微生物与其环境的相互作用取决于整个细胞生长和分裂过程中动态微生物表面的特征。表面修饰无论是用于获取营养物质、抵御其他微生物，还是抵抗宿主免疫系统的压力，都有助于适应独特的环境。从细胞表面释放生物活性膜泡（MVs）是微生物生命中普遍存在的现象，无论是在细菌、古菌、真菌和寄生虫中，都存在 MVs 的产生。MV 的产生不仅在体外发生，而且在感染过程中也在体内发生，这突显了这些表面细胞器通过输送酶、毒素、通讯信号和先天及适应性免疫系统识别的抗原，在微生物生理学和发病机制中的重要影响。来源于跨越生命王国的各种生物体，并被赋予了几个名称（膜泡、外膜泡[OMVs]、外泌体、脱落微泡等），MV 释放的保守功能和机制策略是相似的，包括使用 ESCRT 蛋白和 ESCRT 蛋白同源物来促进古菌和真核微生物中的这些过程。尽管不同生物体的 MV 释放形式具有相似的外观、机制和功能特征，但在微生物生命中很少进行比较。本综述探讨了这种对囊泡释放的认识不足的保守性，以及对整个生命之树的功能影响，强调了囊泡介导的过程在整个生物学中的重要性。
