Schwarz Genevieve, Ren Xuechen, Xie Wen, Guo Haitao, Jiang Yong, Zhang Jinyu
Department of Cell and Cancer Biology, The University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, OH, United States.
Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
Front Mol Biosci. 2025 May 9;12:1583992. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2025.1583992. eCollection 2025.
Exosomes, small membranous vesicles naturally secreted by living cells, have garnered attention for their role in intercellular communication and therapeutic potential. Their low immunogenicity, high biocompatibility, and efficient biological barrier penetration make them promising drug delivery vehicles. This review spans research developments from 2010 to 2025, covering the engineering of exosomes to optimize cargo loading and targeting specificity. We discuss their applications in treating cardiovascular diseases, liver fibrosis, immune diseases, and neurological diseases, alongside ongoing clinical trials and industry progress. Future challenges include scalability, standardization, and minimizing off-target effects. We propose strategies to address these hurdles, such as bioengineering techniques and improved isolation methods. By synthesizing current knowledge and outlining future directions, this review aims to guide researchers toward harnessing exosomes for disease treatment.
外泌体是活细胞自然分泌的小膜泡，因其在细胞间通讯中的作用和治疗潜力而受到关注。它们的低免疫原性、高生物相容性和高效的生物屏障穿透能力使其成为有前途的药物递送载体。本综述涵盖了2010年至2025年的研究进展，包括外泌体工程以优化货物装载和靶向特异性。我们讨论了它们在治疗心血管疾病、肝纤维化、免疫疾病和神经疾病方面的应用，以及正在进行的临床试验和行业进展。未来的挑战包括可扩展性、标准化和最小化脱靶效应。我们提出了解决这些障碍的策略，如生物工程技术和改进的分离方法。通过综合当前知识并概述未来方向，本综述旨在引导研究人员利用外泌体进行疾病治疗。
