Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Nagyvárad tér, Hungary.
Cell Mol Life Sci. 2011 Aug;68(16):2667-88. doi: 10.1007/s00018-011-0689-3. Epub 2011 May 11.
Release of membrane vesicles, a process conserved in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, represents an evolutionary link, and suggests essential functions of a dynamic extracellular vesicular compartment (including exosomes, microparticles or microvesicles and apoptotic bodies). Compelling evidence supports the significance of this compartment in a broad range of physiological and pathological processes. However, classification of membrane vesicles, protocols of their isolation and detection, molecular details of vesicular release, clearance and biological functions are still under intense investigation. Here, we give a comprehensive overview of extracellular vesicles. After discussing the technical pitfalls and potential artifacts of the rapidly emerging field, we compare results from meta-analyses of published proteomic studies on membrane vesicles. We also summarize clinical implications of membrane vesicles. Lessons from this compartment challenge current paradigms concerning the mechanisms of intercellular communication and immune regulation. Furthermore, its clinical implementation may open new perspectives in translational medicine both in diagnostics and therapy.
膜泡的释放是原核生物和真核生物共有的一个过程，代表了一种进化联系，并提示了动态细胞外囊泡隔室（包括外泌体、微粒或微泡和凋亡小体）的基本功能。大量证据支持了该隔室在广泛的生理和病理过程中的重要性。然而，膜泡的分类、它们的分离和检测方案、囊泡释放、清除和生物学功能的分子细节仍在深入研究中。在这里，我们对细胞外囊泡进行了全面的概述。在讨论了这个快速发展领域的技术陷阱和潜在伪像之后，我们比较了对膜泡的已发表蛋白质组学研究的荟萃分析结果。我们还总结了膜泡的临床意义。从这个隔室中得到的经验教训挑战了关于细胞间通讯和免疫调节机制的现有模式。此外，其临床应用可能会为转化医学在诊断和治疗方面开辟新的前景。
