Davies G, Genini S, Bishop S C, Giuffra E
1Parco Tecnologico Padano - CERSA, Via Einstein, 26900 Lodi, Italy.
Animal. 2009 Mar;3(3):415-36. doi: 10.1017/S1751731108003522.
This paper reviews the evidence for host genetic variation in resistance to infectious diseases for a wide variety of diseases of economic importance in poultry, cattle, pig, sheep and Atlantic salmon. Further, it develops a method of ranking each disease in terms of its overall impact, and combines this ranking with published evidence for host genetic variation and information on the current state of genomic tools in each host species. The outcome is an overall ranking of the amenability of each disease to genomic studies that dissect host genetic variation in resistance. Six disease-based assessment criteria were defined: industry concern, economic impact, public concern, threat to food safety or zoonotic potential, impact on animal welfare and threat to international trade barriers. For each category, a subjective score was assigned to each disease according to the relative strength of evidence, impact, concern or threat posed by that particular disease, and the scores were summed across categories. Evidence for host genetic variation in resistance was determined from available published data, including breed comparison, heritability studies, quantitative trait loci (QTL) studies, evidence of candidate genes with significant effects, data on pathogen sequence and on host gene expression analyses. In total, 16 poultry diseases, 13 cattle diseases, nine pig diseases, 11 sheep diseases and three Atlantic salmon diseases were assessed. The top-ranking diseases or pathogens, i.e. those most amenable to studies dissecting host genetic variation, were Salmonella in poultry, bovine mastitis, Marek's disease and coccidiosis, both in poultry. The top-ranking diseases or pathogens in pigs, sheep and Atlantic salmon were Escherichia coli, mastitis and infectious pancreatic necrosis, respectively. These rankings summarise the current state of knowledge for each disease and broadly, although not entirely, reflect current international research efforts. They will alter as more information becomes available and as genome tools become more sophisticated for each species. It is suggested that this approach could be used to rank diseases from other perspectives as well, e.g. in terms of disease control strategies.
本文综述了家禽、牛、猪、羊和大西洋鲑鱼等多种具有经济重要性的疾病在宿主对传染病抗性方面的遗传变异证据。此外，本文还开发了一种根据每种疾病的总体影响进行排名的方法，并将该排名与已发表的宿主遗传变异证据以及每种宿主物种基因组工具的当前状态信息相结合。结果是对每种疾病进行基因组研究以剖析宿主抗性遗传变异的适宜性的总体排名。定义了六个基于疾病的评估标准：行业关注度、经济影响、公众关注度、对食品安全或人畜共患病潜力的威胁、对动物福利的影响以及对国际贸易壁垒的威胁。对于每个类别，根据特定疾病所呈现的证据、影响、关注度或威胁的相对强度，为每种疾病赋予一个主观分数，并将各类别分数相加。宿主抗性遗传变异的证据来自现有已发表的数据，包括品种比较、遗传力研究、数量性状位点（QTL）研究、具有显著效应的候选基因证据、病原体序列数据以及宿主基因表达分析数据。总共评估了16种家禽疾病、13种牛疾病、9种猪疾病、11种羊疾病和3种大西洋鲑鱼疾病。排名靠前的疾病或病原体，即那些最适合进行剖析宿主遗传变异研究的，在家禽中是沙门氏菌、牛乳腺炎、马立克氏病和球虫病；在猪、羊和大西洋鲑鱼中排名靠前的疾病或病原体分别是大肠杆菌、乳腺炎和传染性胰腺坏死。这些排名总结了每种疾病的当前知识状态，并且大致（尽管并非完全）反映了当前的国际研究工作。随着更多信息的获取以及每种物种的基因组工具变得更加先进，这些排名将会改变。建议这种方法也可用于从其他角度对疾病进行排名，例如根据疾病控制策略。
