Department of Zoology, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom.
Ann Rev Mar Sci. 2012;4:495-522. doi: 10.1146/annurev-marine-120710-100802.
Fungi appear to be rare in marine environments. There are relatively few marine isolates in culture, and fungal small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSU rDNA) sequences are rarely recovered in marine clone library experiments (i.e., culture-independent sequence surveys of eukaryotic microbial diversity from environmental DNA samples). To explore the diversity of marine fungi, we took a broad selection of SSU rDNA data sets and calculated a summary phylogeny. Bringing these data together identified a diverse collection of marine fungi, including sequences branching close to chytrids (flagellated fungi), filamentous hypha-forming fungi, and multicellular fungi. However, the majority of the sequences branched with ascomycete and basidiomycete yeasts. We discuss evidence for 36 novel marine lineages, the majority and most divergent of which branch with the chytrids. We then investigate what these data mean for the evolutionary history of the Fungi and specifically marine-terrestrial transitions. Finally, we discuss the roles of fungi in marine ecosystems.
真菌似乎在海洋环境中很少见。在培养物中相对较少有海洋分离株，并且在海洋克隆文库实验中很少回收真菌小亚基核糖体 DNA (SSU rDNA) 序列（即，从环境 DNA 样本中对真核微生物多样性进行的非培养依赖性序列调查）。为了探索海洋真菌的多样性，我们选择了广泛的 SSU rDNA 数据集，并计算了一个综合系统发育图。将这些数据汇集在一起，确定了一系列多样化的海洋真菌，包括与壶菌（有鞭毛的真菌）、丝状菌丝形成真菌和多细胞真菌密切分枝的序列。然而，大多数序列与子囊菌和担子菌酵母分枝。我们讨论了 36 个新的海洋谱系的证据，其中大多数和最具分歧的序列与壶菌分枝。然后，我们研究这些数据对真菌的进化历史，特别是海洋-陆地过渡的意义。最后，我们讨论了真菌在海洋生态系统中的作用。
