National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
J Chem Ecol. 2012 May;38(5):451-62. doi: 10.1007/s10886-012-0099-5. Epub 2012 Apr 4.
Diseases of marine organisms, and sponges in particular, are increasingly reported worldwide. Prior research indicates that the survival of sponges on reefs is due largely to their production of biologically active secondary metabolites that provide protection from a diversity of stressors. Aplysina Red Band Syndrome (ARBS) is an emerging disease affecting Caribbean rope sponges (Aplysina spp.), but it is not known whether secondary metabolites play a role in disease susceptibility and resistance. To investigate whether differences in secondary metabolites may explain variability in susceptibility to ARBS in Aplysina cauliformis, we used high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to generate chemical profiles from healthy tissue in both healthy and diseased sponges, and quantified peak areas for 15 metabolites. Analyses of healthy and diseased sponges revealed qualitative and quantitative differences in their chemical profiles. Aplysamine-1 and fistularin-3 were produced in significantly higher concentrations by healthy sponges, whereas aerothionin and 11-oxoaerothionin were found only in diseased sponges. At natural concentrations, extracts from both healthy and diseased sponges deterred feeding by an omnivorous reef fish. Fistularin-3 deterred feeding at concentrations found in healthy sponges, but not at concentrations found in diseased sponges. Aerothionin deterred feeding at concentrations found in diseased sponges, and may at least partially replace the loss of fistularin-3 as a feeding deterrent compound following pathogenesis, suggesting a trade-off in the production of feeding deterrent compounds. Extracts from healthy and diseased sponges inhibited bacterial growth, and both aplysamine-1 and fistularin-3 displayed selective antibacterial activity. Despite differences in secondary metabolite production between healthy and diseased sponges, the stress associated with ARBS does not appear to compromise the ability of A. cauliformis to maintain defenses against some of its natural enemies.
海洋生物疾病，特别是海绵动物疾病，在全球范围内报道越来越多。先前的研究表明，珊瑚礁上海绵的生存主要得益于它们产生的具有生物活性的次生代谢产物，这些产物为它们提供了抵御多种胁迫的保护。阿普莉西娜红斑带综合征（ARBS）是一种影响加勒比海绳索海绵（Aplysina spp.）的新兴疾病，但目前尚不清楚次生代谢产物是否在疾病易感性和抗性中发挥作用。为了研究次生代谢产物的差异是否可以解释阿普莉西娜·考尔菲米斯（Aplysina cauliformis）对 ARBS 易感性的变化，我们使用高效液相色谱（HPLC）从健康和患病海绵的健康组织中生成化学图谱，并对 15 种代谢产物的峰面积进行定量分析。对健康和患病海绵的分析显示，它们的化学图谱存在定性和定量差异。阿普莉西纳胺-1 和纤丝菌素-3 在健康海绵中的产生浓度明显较高，而 aerothionin 和 11-oxoaerothionin 仅在患病海绵中发现。在天然浓度下，来自健康和患病海绵的提取物均能阻止杂食性礁鱼的摄食。纤丝菌素-3 在健康海绵中发现的浓度下阻止了摄食，但在患病海绵中发现的浓度下没有阻止。Aerothionin 在患病海绵中发现的浓度下阻止了摄食，并且可能至少部分替代了纤丝菌素-3 作为发病后摄食抑制剂化合物的损失，这表明在产生摄食抑制剂化合物方面存在权衡。来自健康和患病海绵的提取物抑制了细菌的生长，并且阿普莉西纳胺-1 和纤丝菌素-3 都显示出选择性的抗菌活性。尽管健康和患病海绵的次生代谢产物产生存在差异，但与 ARBS 相关的应激似乎不会影响 A. cauliformis 维持对一些天然敌害的防御能力。
