Department of Nutrition, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
Mol Nutr Food Res. 2012 Apr;56(4):524-35. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201100630.
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), Crohn's disease (CD), and ulcerative colitis (UC) are chronic inflammatory conditions, which are increasing in incidence, prevalence, and severity, in many countries. While there is genetic susceptibility to IBD, the probability of disease development is modified by diet, lifestyle, and endogenous factors, including the gut microbiota. For example, high intakes of mono- and disaccharides, and total fats consistently increases the risk developing both forms of IBD. High vegetable intake reduces the risk of UC, whereas increased fruit and/or dietary fiber intake appears protective against CD. Low levels of certain micronutrients, especially vitamin D, may increase the risk of both diseases. Dietary patterns may be even more important to disease susceptibility than the levels of individual foods or nutrients. Various dietary regimes may modify disease symptoms, in part through their actions on the host microbiota. Both probiotics and prebiotics may modulate the microflora, and reduce the likelihood of IBD regression. However, other dietary factors affect the microbiota in different ways. Distinguishing cause from effect, and characterizing the relative roles of human and microbial genes, diet, age of onset, gender, life style, smoking history, ethnic background, environmental exposures, and medications, will require innovative and internationally integrated approaches.
炎症性肠病（IBD）、克罗恩病（CD）和溃疡性结肠炎（UC）是慢性炎症性疾病，在许多国家的发病率、患病率和严重程度都在增加。虽然 IBD 存在遗传易感性，但疾病的发展概率可通过饮食、生活方式和内源性因素（包括肠道微生物群）来改变。例如，单糖和双糖以及总脂肪的大量摄入会持续增加两种 IBD 的发病风险。高蔬菜摄入量可降低 UC 的发病风险，而增加水果和/或膳食纤维的摄入量似乎可预防 CD。某些微量营养素（尤其是维生素 D）水平较低可能会增加这两种疾病的发病风险。饮食模式可能比个别食物或营养素的水平对疾病易感性更为重要。各种饮食模式可能会通过对宿主微生物群的作用来改变疾病症状。益生菌和益生元都可能调节微生物群，降低 IBD 复发的可能性。然而，其他饮食因素会以不同的方式影响微生物群。要区分因果关系，并确定人类和微生物基因、饮食、发病年龄、性别、生活方式、吸烟史、种族背景、环境暴露和药物治疗相对作用，需要创新和国际综合的方法。
