University of Pittsburgh Office of Child Development, 400 N. Lexington Ave., Pittsburgh, PA 15208, USA.
Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2012 Apr;82(2):157-66. doi: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01151.x.
Developmental relationships are characterized by reciprocal human interactions that embody an enduring emotional attachment, progressively more complex patterns of joint activity, and a balance of power that gradually shifts from the developed person in favor of the developing person. The working hypothesis of this article is that developmental relationships constitute the active ingredient of effective interventions serving at-risk children and youth across settings. In the absence of developmental relationships, other intervention elements yield diminished or minimal returns. Scaled-up programs and policies serving children and youth often fall short of their potential impact when their designs or implementation drift toward manipulating other "inactive" ingredients (e.g., incentive, accountability, curricula) instead of directly promoting developmental relationships. Using empirical studies as case examples, this study demonstrates that the presence or absence of developmental relationships distinguishes effective and ineffective interventions for diverse populations across developmental settings. The conclusion is that developmental relationships are the foundational metric with which to judge the quality and forecast the impact of interventions for at-risk children and youth. It is both critical and possible to give foremost considerations to whether program, practice, and policy decisions promote or hinder developmental relationships among those who are served and those who serve.
发展关系的特点是互惠的人际互动，体现出持久的情感依恋、日益复杂的联合活动模式以及权力平衡，这种平衡逐渐从发展成熟的人转移到发展中的人。本文的工作假设是，发展关系构成了在各种环境中为处于风险中的儿童和青年提供有效干预的有效成分。如果没有发展关系，其他干预要素的回报就会减少或微不足道。为儿童和青年服务的规模化项目和政策往往未能发挥其潜在影响，因为其设计或实施偏向于操纵其他“非活跃”要素（例如激励、问责制、课程），而不是直接促进发展关系。本研究以实证研究为例，表明发展关系区分了不同发展环境中不同人群的有效和无效干预措施。结论是，发展关系是判断干预措施对高危儿童和青年质量和预测其影响的基本指标。关注服务对象和服务提供者之间是否促进或阻碍发展关系，这既是至关重要的，也是可能的。
