Department of Periodontology, Dental School, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010 Bern, Switzerland.
Clin Oral Investig. 2013 Mar;17(2):405-10. doi: 10.1007/s00784-012-0742-0. Epub 2012 May 3.
The application of an enamel matrix derivative (EMD) for regenerative periodontal surgery has been shown to promote formation of new cementum, periodontal ligament, and alveolar bone. In intrabony defects with a complicated anatomy, the combination of EMD with various bone grafting materials has resulted in additional clinical improvements, but the initial cellular response of osteoblasts coming in contact with these particles have not yet been fully elucidated. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of EMD combined with a natural bone mineral (NBM) on a wide variety of genes, cytokines, and transcription factors and extracellular matrix proteins on primary human osteoblasts.
Primary human osteoblasts were seeded on NBM particles pre-coated with versus without EMD and analyzed for gene differences using a human osteogenesis gene super-array (Applied Biosystems). Osteoblast-related genes include those transcribed during bone mineralization, ossification, bone metabolism, cell growth and differentiation, as well as gene products representing extracellular matrix molecules, transcription factors, and cell adhesion molecules.
EMD promoted gene expression of various osteoblast differentiation markers including a number of collagen types and isoforms, SMAD intracellular proteins, osteopontin, cadherin, alkaline phosphatase, and bone sialoprotein. EMD also upregulated a variety of growth factors including bone morphogenetic proteins, vascular endothelial growth factors, insulin-like growth factor, transforming growth factor, and their associated receptor proteins.
The results from the present study demonstrate that EMD is capable of activating a wide variety of genes, growth factors, and cytokines when pre-coated onto NBM particles.
The described in vitro effects of EMD on human primary osteoblasts provide further biologic support for the clinical application of a combination of EMD with NBM particles in periodontal and oral regenerative surgery.
应用釉基质衍生物（EMD）进行再生性牙周手术已被证明可促进新的牙骨质、牙周韧带和牙槽骨形成。在解剖结构复杂的骨内缺损中，EMD 与各种骨移植材料的结合已导致了更多的临床改善，但与这些颗粒接触的成骨细胞的初始细胞反应尚未得到充分阐明。本研究的目的是评估 EMD 与天然骨矿物质（NBM）联合应用对多种基因、细胞因子和转录因子以及细胞外基质蛋白对原代人成骨细胞的体外影响。
将原代人成骨细胞接种在预先涂有 EMD 的 NBM 颗粒上和未涂 EMD 的 NBM 颗粒上，并用人类成骨基因超阵列（Applied Biosystems）分析基因差异。成骨细胞相关基因包括在骨矿化、骨化、骨代谢、细胞生长和分化过程中转录的基因，以及代表细胞外基质分子、转录因子和细胞黏附分子的基因产物。
EMD 促进了多种成骨细胞分化标志物的基因表达，包括多种胶原类型和亚型、SMAD 细胞内蛋白、骨桥蛋白、钙黏蛋白、碱性磷酸酶和骨唾液蛋白。EMD 还上调了多种生长因子，包括骨形态发生蛋白、血管内皮生长因子、胰岛素样生长因子、转化生长因子及其相关受体蛋白。
本研究的结果表明，EMD 能够在预先涂覆在 NBM 颗粒上时激活多种基因、生长因子和细胞因子。
EMD 对原代人成骨细胞的体外作用进一步为 EMD 与 NBM 颗粒联合应用于牙周和口腔再生手术的临床应用提供了生物学支持。
