CRA-ING, Agricultural Engineering Research Unit, Agricultural Research Council, via della Pascolare 16, 00016, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy.
Bull Environ Contam Toxicol. 2012 Aug;89(2):354-61. doi: 10.1007/s00128-012-0664-1. Epub 2012 May 5.
This paper assessed the potential exposure of bees (Apis mellifera L.) to pesticides during maize (Zea mays L.) sowing with pneumatic drills. Data were derived from tests carried out in field tests, comparing two configurations of a pneumatic precision drill: conventional drill; drill with air deflectors. In addition, static tests simulating the sowing under controlled conditions, were performed on the drill equipped with an innovative system developed at CRA-ING. During the field tests, the concentrations in the air of the active ingredients of four insecticides used in maize seed dressing (imidacloprid, clothianidin, thiamethoxam and fipronil) were recorded. The concentrations of active ingredients in the air were used for assessing the quantities of active ingredients that a bee might intercept as it flies in a sort of virtual tunnel, the dimensions of which were dependent upon the bee body cross-section and the length of flight. The results of the field tests show that the air deflectors were not completely effective in reducing the amount of active ingredients dispersed in the air. The results of the static tests with drill equipped with the prototype indicated reductions of the active ingredient air concentrations ranging from 72 % up to 95 %, with reference to the conventional drill. Such ratios were applied to the amounts of active ingredients intercepted by the bees in the virtual tunnel contributing to a consistent reduction of the probability that sub-lethal effects can occur.
本论文评估了蜜蜂（Apis mellifera L.）在使用气力播种机播种玉米（Zea mays L.）时接触农药的潜在风险。数据来源于田间试验和静态模拟试验，对比了两种气力精量播种机的配置：常规播种机；带空气挡板的播种机。此外，还在配备 CRA-ING 开发的创新系统的播种机上进行了静态模拟试验。在田间试验中，记录了用于玉米种子包衣的四种杀虫剂（吡虫啉、噻虫嗪、噻虫胺和氟虫腈）的有效成分在空气中的浓度。根据空气浓度，评估了蜜蜂在飞行中可能截获的有效成分数量，其飞行路径类似于虚拟隧道，尺寸取决于蜜蜂的体截面和飞行长度。田间试验结果表明，空气挡板并不能完全有效减少空气中分散的有效成分数量。配备原型的静态试验结果表明，与常规播种机相比，空气浓度的有效成分减少了 72%至 95%。这些比例适用于蜜蜂在虚拟隧道中截获的有效成分数量，有助于降低发生亚致死效应的概率。
