Department of Psychology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23187-8795, USA.
J Pers Soc Psychol. 2012 Jul;103(1):135-57. doi: 10.1037/a0028117. Epub 2012 May 7.
We examined the content universe, factor structure, affective composition, elicitors, trait antecedents, and consequences of "the chills." In Study 1, participants described what it means to get the chills. A second sample sorted all references to physical sensations based on similarity. Cluster analysis identified 4 lower order clusters (goosebumps, tingling, coldness, shivers) and 2 higher order clusters ("goosetingles," "coldshivers"). In Study 2, factor analysis of questionnaire data supported a model with lower and higher order factors that corresponded to the Study 1 clusters. Goosetingles and coldshivers were predicted by approach-related traits (e.g., extraversion) and avoidance-related traits (e.g., neuroticism), respectively. In Study 3, analysis of narrative data replicated the goosetingles-coldshivers structure. Relative to coldshivers, goosetingles involved greater awe, surprise, and enjoyment and less disgust, fear, and sadness. In Study 4, analysis of diary data extended the goosetingles-coldshivers structure to between- and within-person levels of analysis. Goosetingles involved positive affects and was elicited by approach-related stimuli, whereas coldshivers involved negative affects and was elicited by avoidance-related stimuli. In Study 5, manipulation of exposure to self-actualization and self-annihilation elicited goosetingles and coldshivers, respectively. Goosetingles and coldshivers had positive and negative effects, respectively, on interpersonal closeness. In sum, diverse forms of evidence converge to indicate that the chills encompasses distinct approach- and avoidance-related constructs. Failure to distinguish these constructs explains null and inconsistent findings in the nascent literature. Goosetingles and coldshivers are posited to serve the function of signaling that an event in the environment is pertinent to one's most deep-seated hopes or fears.
我们考察了“起鸡皮疙瘩”的内容宇宙、因素结构、情感构成、诱发因素、特质前因和后果。在研究 1 中，参与者描述了起鸡皮疙瘩意味着什么。第二个样本根据相似性对所有与身体感觉有关的参考文献进行分类。聚类分析确定了 4 个低阶聚类（鸡皮疙瘩、刺痛、发冷、颤抖）和 2 个高阶聚类（“鸡皮疙瘩和刺痛”、“发冷和颤抖”）。在研究 2 中，问卷调查数据的因素分析支持了一个具有低阶和高阶因素的模型，该模型与研究 1 的聚类相对应。“鸡皮疙瘩和刺痛”分别由与接近相关的特质（如外向性）和与回避相关的特质（如神经质）预测。在研究 3 中，对叙事数据的分析复制了“鸡皮疙瘩和刺痛”的结构。与“发冷和颤抖”相比，“鸡皮疙瘩和刺痛”涉及更大的敬畏、惊喜和享受，以及较少的厌恶、恐惧和悲伤。在研究 4 中，对日记数据的分析将“鸡皮疙瘩和刺痛”的结构扩展到个体内和个体间的分析水平。“鸡皮疙瘩和刺痛”涉及积极的情感，由与接近相关的刺激引起，而“发冷和颤抖”涉及消极的情感，由与回避相关的刺激引起。在研究 5 中，对自我实现和自我毁灭的暴露的操纵分别诱发了“鸡皮疙瘩和刺痛”。“鸡皮疙瘩和刺痛”对人际亲密关系有积极和消极的影响。总之，各种形式的证据汇聚在一起，表明起鸡皮疙瘩包含不同的接近和回避相关的结构。如果不能区分这些结构，就会解释在新兴文献中出现的零和不一致的发现。假设“鸡皮疙瘩和刺痛”的作用是表明环境中的一个事件与一个人最深处的希望或恐惧有关。
