Military Nutrition Division, United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (USARIEM), Natick, MA 01760, USA.
J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2012 Jun;26(2-3):124-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2012.03.006. Epub 2012 May 7.
Iron deficiency (ID) is the most prevalent micronutrient deficiency disorder in the world. In the developed world, the greatest prevalence of ID and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) occurs in premenopausal women. Premenopausal women experience ID and IDA due to inadequate consumption of dietary iron coupled with iron losses through physiologic processes such as menstruation. Further, female athletes may experience an elevated risk of ID and IDA, as hepcidin, a peptide hormone that inhibits iron absorption and sequesters iron in the macrophage, may rise in response to physical activity. Declines in physical and cognitive performance have been demonstrated in female athletes with ID and IDA. Performance decrements are attenuated as iron status improves. This review will focus on iron status in female athletes, and will include a review of nutritional countermeasures to prevent ID and IDA.
缺铁（ID）是世界上最普遍的微量营养素缺乏症。在发达国家，ID 和缺铁性贫血（IDA）的最大患病率发生在绝经前妇女中。由于饮食中铁的摄入量不足，加上月经等生理过程中的铁流失，绝经前妇女会出现 ID 和 IDA。此外，女性运动员可能面临更高的 ID 和 IDA 风险，因为铁调素（hepcidin）这种抑制铁吸收并将铁储存在巨噬细胞中的肽激素可能会因身体活动而升高。在 ID 和 IDA 的女性运动员中已经证明了身体和认知表现的下降。随着铁状态的改善，运动表现的下降会得到缓解。这篇综述将重点关注女性运动员的铁状态，并将包括预防 ID 和 IDA 的营养对策的综述。
