Cobb Laura K, Appel Lawrence J, Anderson Cheryl A M
Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, 2024 East Monument Street, Suite 2-600, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2012 Aug;14(4):425-34. doi: 10.1007/s11936-012-0182-9.
Excess sodium intake has an important, if not predominant, role in the pathogenesis of elevated blood pressure, one of the most important modifiable determinants of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In the United States, almost 80 % of sodium in the diet comes from packaged and restaurant foods. Given the current food environment, educational efforts such as clinician counseling are useful, but a comprehensive public health approach is necessary to achieve meaningful reductions in sodium intake. A successful approach includes several key strategies, which together will both promote positive decisions by individuals and change the context in which they make those decisions. The strategies include 1) public education, 2) individual dietary counseling, 3) food labeling, 4) coordinated and voluntary industry sodium reduction, 5) government and private sector food procurement policies, and 6) FDA regulations, as recommended by the Institute of Medicine, to modify sodium's generally regarded as safe (GRAS) status. Population-wide reduction in sodium intake has the potential to substantially reduce the public burden of preventable CVD and reduce health care costs.
过量摄入钠在高血压发病机制中起着重要作用，即便不是主要作用，而高血压是心血管疾病（CVD）最重要的可改变决定因素之一。在美国，饮食中近80%的钠来自包装食品和餐馆食物。鉴于当前的食品环境，诸如临床医生咨询等教育措施是有用的，但要切实降低钠摄入量，采取全面的公共卫生方法是必要的。一种成功的方法包括几个关键策略，这些策略共同作用，既能促进个人做出积极决策，又能改变他们做出这些决策的环境。这些策略包括：1）公众教育；2）个人饮食咨询；3）食品标签；4）行业协调自愿减少钠含量；5）政府和私营部门的食品采购政策；6）如医学研究所所建议的，美国食品药品监督管理局（FDA）的相关规定，以改变钠的一般认为安全（GRAS）状态。全人群钠摄入量的降低有可能大幅减轻可预防的心血管疾病的公共负担，并降低医疗成本。
