Effect of thyroxine on cellular oxygen-consumption and glucose uptake: evidence of an effect of total T4 and not "free T4".

Recent studies of cellular T4 and T3 uptake have indicated active transport of the hormones into the cell rather than passive diffusion of the non-protein bound fraction. In order to study the significance of the extracellular environment, oxygen consumption and glucose uptake were examined in human mononuclear blood cells. Cells were incubated in protein free medium and in human serum totally depleted of thyroid hormones by resin treatment and fixed amounts of T4 (total T4 = 0-50-100-5000 nmol/l; free T4 = 0-5-11-5600 pmol/l) were added. Thyroxine stimulated glucose uptake and oxygen-consumption in a dose dependent manner but the T4 stimulation was dependent on the total concentration of T4 and did not differ between serum incubation or non-protein containing medium. Addition of ANS (100 mg/l) which inhibits binding of T4 to TBG, did not increase T4 effect in serum. Inhibition of the NaK-ATPase by addition of ouabain (9-72 mg/l) did not inhibit T4 stimulation, thus indicating that the ouabain sensitive NaK-ATPase is not a major component of the processes which initiate the intracellular effects of T4. Therefore the stimulation of uptake of oxygen and glucose in human mononuclear blood cells seems to be dependent on the total concentration of T4 and not on the non-protein bound (free) fraction suggesting active membrane uptake of T4, as the limiting factor for intra-cellular hormone effect.