Risk Assessment Directorate - French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES), 27-31 av. Général Leclerc, 94701 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.
Environ Int. 2012 Sep 15;45:135-50. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.02.001. Epub 2012 May 15.
Chronic dietary exposure to pesticide residues was assessed for the French population using a total diet study (TDS) to take into account realistic levels in foods as consumed at home (table-ready). Three hundred and twenty-five pesticides and their transformation products, grouped into 283 pesticides according to their residue definition, were sought in 1235 composite samples corresponding to 194 individual food items that cover 90% of the adult and child diet. To make up the composite samples, about 19,000 food products were bought during different seasons from 2007 to 2009 in 36 French cities and prepared according to the food preparation practices recorded in the individual and national consumption survey (INCA2). The results showed that 37% of the samples contained one or more residues. Seventy-three pesticides were detected and 55 quantified at levels ranging from 0.003 to 8.7mg/kg. The most frequently detected pesticides, identified as monitoring priorities in 2006, were the post-harvest insecticides pirimiphos-methyl and chlorpyrifos-methyl-particularly in wheat-based products-together with chlorpyrifos, iprodione, carbendazim and imazalil, mainly in fruit and fruit juices. Dietary intakes were estimated for each subject of INCA2 survey, under two contamination scenarios to handle left-censored data: lower-bound scenario (LB) where undetected results were set to zero, and upper-bound (UB) scenario where undetected results were set to the detection limit. For 90% of the pesticides, exposure levels were below the acceptable daily intake (ADI) under the two scenarios. Under the LB scenario, which tends to underestimate exposure levels, only dimethoate intakes exceeded the ADI for high level consumers of cherry (0.6% of children and 0.4% of adults). This pesticide, authorised in Europe, and its metabolite were detected in both cherries and endives. Under the UB scenario, that overestimates exposure, a chronic risk could not be excluded for nine other pesticides (dithiocarbamates, ethoprophos, carbofuran, diazinon, methamidophos, disulfoton, dieldrin, endrin and heptachlor). For these pesticides, more sensitive analyses of the main food contributors are needed in order to refine exposure assessment.
采用总膳食研究（TDS）对法国人群进行了慢性膳食暴露于农药残留的评估，以考虑家庭食用食物（即食）中的实际水平。在 1235 个复合样品中寻找了 325 种农药及其转化产物，根据其残留定义将其分为 283 种农药，这些样品对应于 194 种单独的食物，涵盖了成人和儿童饮食的 90%。为了制备复合样品，大约在 2007 年至 2009 年期间，在法国 36 个城市的不同季节购买了约 19000 种食品，并按照个体和国家消费调查（INCA2）中记录的食品制备实践进行了制备。结果表明，37%的样品含有一种或多种残留。检测到 73 种农药，其中 55 种定量，浓度范围为 0.003 至 8.7mg/kg。最常检测到的农药是 2006 年确定为监测重点的收获后杀虫剂丙硫磷和毒死蜱-特别是在小麦制品中-以及氯菊酯、丙环唑、多菌灵和异菌脲，主要在水果和果汁中。根据 INCA2 调查的每个对象，根据两种处理左删失数据的污染情景来估计膳食摄入量：下边界情景（LB），将未检测到的结果设置为零，以及上边界（UB）情景，将未检测到的结果设置为检测限。对于 90%的农药，两种情景下的暴露水平均低于可接受日摄入量（ADI）。在倾向于低估暴露水平的 LB 情景下，只有高樱桃消费者（儿童 0.6%，成人 0.4%）的甲拌磷摄入量超过了 ADI。这种在欧洲获得授权的农药及其代谢物在樱桃和菊苣中均有检测。在 UB 情景下，由于会高估暴露水平，因此对于其他 9 种农药（二硫代氨基甲酸盐、乙拌磷、克百威、二嗪磷、甲胺磷、敌百虫、二硫磷、狄氏剂、艾氏剂和七氯）不能排除慢性风险。对于这些农药，需要对主要食物来源进行更敏感的分析，以完善暴露评估。
