De Schaepdrijver L, Lauwers H, Simoens P, de Geest J P
Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, State University of Ghent, Belgium.
Anat Histol Embryol. 1990 Sep;19(3):222-35. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0264.1990.tb00884.x.
Morphogenesis of the porcine retina was studied using light microscopy from 4 weeks of gestation until birth (18 to 310 mm crown-rump length), and compared with the adult stage (6 months). Tissue samples were examined from the posterior and peripheral parts of the retina. At 18 mm the retina consists of an inner marginal layer and an outer layer of neuroblastic cells. At 18-40 mm the latter layer is divided into an inner and an outer neuroblastic layer by the transient layer of Chievitz. Subsequently, the development of the different retinal layers begins at the inner retinal border and moves progressively outwards; it also spreads from the posterior to the peripheral part of the neural retina. Many cells of the inner neuroblastic layer are prospective ganglionic cells which migrate inwards, thus forming the ganglion cell layer and the inner plexiform layer at 90 mm. At 120 mm, primitive horizontal cells appear within the outer neuroblastic layer. Separation of this layer into the inner nuclear, outer plexiform and outer nuclear layers is first evident at 180 mm. At this stage all retinal layers are present, except the layer of the photoreceptor cells which is not widespread until at 220 mm. The inner and outer segments of the photoreceptor cells lengthen considerably during the last month of gestation. During the late fetal stage the nerve fiber layer, the inner and outer plexiform layers and the layer of rods and cones all continue to increase in thickness. Concurrently, the ganglion cell layer and the inner and outer nuclear layers have reached their maximal thickness and become thinner. After the total thickness of the neural retina amounts to approximately 180 microns at two to three weeks before birth, it then thins to approximately 160 microns in the adult stage.
利用光学显微镜研究了从妊娠4周直至出生（头臀长18至310毫米）的猪视网膜形态发生，并与成年阶段（6个月）进行了比较。从视网膜的后部和周边部分采集组织样本进行检查。在18毫米时，视网膜由内边缘层和神经母细胞外层组成。在18至40毫米时，后者层被Chievitz过渡层分为内神经母细胞层和外神经母细胞层。随后，不同视网膜层的发育从视网膜内边界开始并逐渐向外移动；它也从神经视网膜的后部蔓延到周边部分。内神经母细胞层的许多细胞是预期的神经节细胞，它们向内迁移，从而在90毫米时形成神经节细胞层和内网状层。在120毫米时，原始水平细胞出现在外神经母细胞层内。该层分离为内核层、外网状层和外核层在180毫米时首次明显可见。在此阶段，除了直到220毫米时才广泛分布的光感受器细胞层外，所有视网膜层均已存在。光感受器细胞的内段和外段在妊娠的最后一个月显著延长。在胎儿后期，神经纤维层、内网状层和外网状层以及视杆和视锥细胞层的厚度都继续增加。同时，神经节细胞层以及内核层和外核层已达到最大厚度并变薄。在出生前两到三周神经视网膜的总厚度达到约180微米后，在成年阶段它变薄至约160微米。
