Schönpflug W
Institut für Psychologie, Freie Universität Berlin.
Z Gesamte Hyg. 1990 Aug;36(8):417-8.
Effort is analyzed as a top-down process which is a feature of autonomous work procedures. A rise in effort may affect different aspects of efficiency in performance: (a) Increment in speed, (b) increment in accuracy, (c) shifts in difficulty level, (d) focus on central aspects of the task. A "law of diminishing returns" is postulated which calls for a balanced utilization of all options. In an experiment, subjects worked in a simulated office environment. The main independent variables were high-effort vs. low-effort instructions, and assignment vs. free choice of tasks. The subjects were also grouped according to their scores in an intelligence and an anxiety test. The results confirm the general expectation that a rise in effort may affect performance in terms of speed, accuracy, choice of difficulty level, and focus. However, the result vary considerably with experimental conditions and personality variables. Apparently, effort imposes a mental and emotional load which is best coped with by the low anxious and high intelligent.
努力被分析为一个自上而下的过程，这是自主工作程序的一个特点。努力程度的提高可能会影响绩效效率的不同方面：（a）速度的提高，（b）准确性的提高，（c）难度水平的变化，（d）对任务核心方面的关注。假定存在“收益递减规律”，这就要求对所有选项进行平衡利用。在一项实验中，受试者在模拟办公室环境中工作。主要的自变量是高努力与低努力指令，以及任务分配与自由选择任务。受试者还根据他们在智力和焦虑测试中的得分进行分组。结果证实了一般预期，即努力程度的提高可能会在速度、准确性、难度水平选择和注意力方面影响绩效。然而，结果会因实验条件和个性变量而有很大差异。显然，努力会带来一种心理和情感负担，低焦虑和高智商的人最能应对这种负担。
