National Laboratory for Civil Engineering - LNEC, Av. do Brasil, 101, 1700-066 Lisboa, Portugal.
Water Res. 2012 Dec 15;46(20):6787-98. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.05.029. Epub 2012 May 26.
Since ancient times, it is understood that stormwater from constructed areas should be managed somehow. Waste and pollution transported by stormwater poses quantity and quality problems, affecting public health and the quality of the environment. Sanitation infrastructures in urbanized regions have different development levels and the perception of stormwater changed considerably during the centuries and especially in recent years. Still, there is an evident worldwide heterogeneity when analyzing the lack of studies on urban stormwater conducted in some Asian or African countries. Strategies for sustainable stormwater management are needed at different decision levels (political, regional or local scale, for instance) but all of them need information and a clear understanding of the possibilities that are at stake as well as the main consequences of each decision. A sound approach to stormwater management should be flexible, based on local characteristics, and should take into consideration temporal, spatial and administrative factors and law, among other issues. Economic or technical constraints define different decision scenarios. Best Management Practices should be seen as an opportunity for development and improvement of social, educational and environmental conditions in urbanized and surrounding areas. Therefore they require an ample perspective and the participation of different stakeholders. High-quality decision needs time and a fair overview of the problem: the purpose of this document is to contribute to sustainable stormwater management, informing on the most relevant factors that should be assessed and their interaction. A flowchart has been produced and is presented, indicating the most relevant steps, processes and information that should be taken into account in urban development.
自古以来，人们就已经认识到，应该对城区的雨水进行某种管理。雨水所携带的废物和污染物会带来数量和质量问题，影响公众健康和环境质量。城市化地区的卫生基础设施发展水平各不相同，而且人们对雨水的认识在几个世纪以来发生了很大变化，尤其是近年来更是如此。但是，在分析一些亚洲或非洲国家对城市雨水缺乏研究时，仍明显存在着全球差异。需要在不同的决策层面（例如政治、区域或地方层面）制定可持续雨水管理策略，但所有策略都需要信息以及对相关问题的明确理解，包括所涉及的各种可能性以及每项决策的主要后果。合理的雨水管理方法应该具有灵活性，立足于地方特色，同时考虑到时间、空间和行政因素以及法律等问题。经济或技术限制会定义不同的决策方案。最佳管理实践应被视为改善和提升城市化地区及其周边社会、教育和环境条件的机遇。因此，它们需要广阔的视角和不同利益相关者的参与。高质量的决策需要时间和对问题的全面了解：本文档的目的是为可持续雨水管理做出贡献，告知应评估的最相关因素及其相互作用。已生成并呈现了一个流程图，以指示在城市发展中应考虑的最相关步骤、流程和信息。
