Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, UFZ─Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
Environ Sci Technol. 2023 Mar 14;57(10):4143-4152. doi: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05784. Epub 2023 Mar 2.
To assess the contamination and potential risk of snow melt with polar compounds, road and background snow was sampled during a melting event at 23 sites at the city of Leipzig and screened for 489 chemicals using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry with target screening. Additionally, six 24 h composite samples were taken from the influent and effluent of the Leipzig wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) during the snow melt event. 207 compounds were at least detected once (concentrations between 0.80 ng/L and 75 μg/L). Consistent patterns of traffic-related compounds dominated the chemical profile (58 compounds in concentrations from 1.3 ng/L to 75 μg/L) and among them were 2-benzothiazole sulfonic acid and 1-cyclohexyl-3-phenylurea from tire wear and denatonium used as a bittern in vehicle fluids. Besides, the analysis unveiled the presence of the rubber additive 6-PPD and its transformation product -(1.3-dimethylbutyl)-'-phenyl--phenylenediamine quinone (6-PPDQ) at concentrations known to cause acute toxicity in sensitive fish species. The analysis also detected 149 other compounds such as food additives, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides. Several biocides were identified as major risk contributors, with a more site-specific occurrence, to acute toxic risks to algae (five samples) and invertebrates (six samples). Ametryn, flumioxazin, and 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester are the main compounds contributing to toxic risk for algae, while etofenprox and bendiocarb are found as the main contributors for crustacean risk. Correlations between concentrations in the WWTP influent and flow rate allowed us to discriminate compounds with snow melt and urban runoff as major sources from other compounds with other dominant sources. Removal rates in the WWTP showed that some traffic-related compounds were largely eliminated (removal rate higher than 80%) during wastewater treatment and among them was 6-PPDQ, while others persisted in the WWTP.
为了评估冰雪融化物中极性化合物的污染和潜在风险，在莱比锡市 23 个地点的融雪事件中采集了道路和背景雪样，并使用带有目标筛选的液相色谱高分辨率质谱法对 489 种化学物质进行了筛查。此外，在融雪事件期间，还从莱比锡污水处理厂（WWTP）的进水和出水处采集了六个 24 小时综合样本。至少检测到 207 种化合物（浓度在 0.80ng/L 至 75μg/L 之间）。以交通相关化合物为主导的化学特征一致（58 种化合物的浓度在 1.3ng/L 至 75μg/L 之间），其中包括轮胎磨损产生的 2-苯并噻唑磺酸和 1-环己基-3-苯基脲，以及作为车辆液体苦味剂使用的地旦。此外，分析还揭示了橡胶添加剂 6-PPD 及其转化产物 -(1.3-二甲基丁基)-'-苯基--苯二胺醌（6-PPDQ）的存在，其浓度已知会对敏感鱼类造成急性毒性。该分析还检测到 149 种其他化合物，如食品添加剂、药品和农药。一些杀生物剂被确定为主要的风险贡献者，它们在特定地点对藻类（五个样本）和无脊椎动物（六个样本）的急性毒性风险更为突出。莠去津、氟草肟和 1,2-环己烷二羧酸二异壬酯是导致藻类产生毒性风险的主要化合物，而乙氧呋草黄和丁醚脲则是甲壳类动物风险的主要贡献者。WWTP 进水和流量之间的浓度相关性使我们能够区分以冰雪融化和城市径流为主要来源的化合物与其他主要来源的化合物。WWTP 的去除率表明，一些与交通相关的化合物在废水处理过程中被大量去除（去除率高于 80%），其中包括 6-PPDQ，而其他化合物则在 WWTP 中持续存在。
