Reimann-Berg N, Bullerdiek J, Murua Escobar H, Nolte I
Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Klinik für Kleintiere, Bünteweg 9, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
Tierarztl Prax Ausg K Kleintiere Heimtiere. 2012;40(3):191-6.
Cytogenetics is the study of normal and abnormal chromosomes. Every species is characterized by a given number of chromosomes that can be recognized by their specific shape. The chromosomes are arranged according to standard classification schemes for the respective species. While pre- and postnatal chromosome analyses investigate the constitutional karyotype, tumor cytogenetics is focused on the detection of clonal acquired, tumor-associated chromosome aberrations. Cytogenetic investigations in dogs are of great value especially for breeders dealing with fertility problems within their pedigrees, for veterinarians and last but not least for the dog owners. Dogs and humans share a variety of genetic diseases, including cancer. Thus, the dog has become an increasingly important model for genetic diseases. However, cytogenetic analyses of canine cells are complicated by the complex karyotype of the dog. Only just 15 years ago, a standard classification scheme for the complete canine karyotype was established. For chromosome analyses of canine cells the same steps of chromosome preparation are used as in human cytogenetics. There are few reports about cytogenetic changes in non-neoplastic cells, involving predominantly the sex chromosomes. Cytogenetic analyses of different entities of canine tumors revealed that, comparable to human tumors, tumors of the dog are often characterized by clonal chromosome aberrations, which might be used as diagnostic and prognostic markers. The integration of modern techniques (molecular genetic approaches, adaptive computer programs) will facilitate and complete conventional cytogenetic studies. However, conventional cytogenetics is still non-replaceable.
细胞遗传学是对正常和异常染色体的研究。每个物种都有特定数量的染色体，这些染色体可通过其特定形状识别。染色体是根据各物种的标准分类方案排列的。虽然产前和产后染色体分析研究的是构成性核型，但肿瘤细胞遗传学专注于检测克隆性获得的、与肿瘤相关的染色体畸变。对犬类进行细胞遗传学研究具有重要价值，尤其对于处理其谱系中繁殖问题的育种者、兽医以及最后但同样重要的犬主而言。犬类和人类有多种遗传疾病，包括癌症。因此，犬类已成为遗传疾病日益重要的模型。然而，犬类细胞的细胞遗传学分析因犬类复杂的核型而变得复杂。就在15年前，才建立了完整犬类核型的标准分类方案。对于犬类细胞的染色体分析，使用的染色体制备步骤与人类细胞遗传学相同。关于非肿瘤细胞的细胞遗传学变化的报道很少，主要涉及性染色体。对不同类型犬类肿瘤的细胞遗传学分析表明，与人类肿瘤类似，犬类肿瘤通常具有克隆性染色体畸变特征，这些畸变可作为诊断和预后标志物。现代技术（分子遗传学方法、自适应计算机程序）的整合将促进并完善传统细胞遗传学研究。然而，传统细胞遗传学仍然不可替代。
