Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40110-040, Brazil.
Laboratory of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador 40170-115, Brazil.
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2023 Feb 8;20(4):2949. doi: 10.3390/ijerph20042949.
Exposure to potentially toxic metals (PTM) threatens maternal and child health. We investigated the determinants of exposure to lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and manganese (Mn) in 163 pregnant women from the Recôncavo Baiano, Brazil, enrolled in the DSAN-12M cohort. We measured these metals in biological samples (blood, toenails, and hair) and the Pb dust loading rates (RtPb) at their homes by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry (GFAAS). Questionnaires were applied to collect sociodemographic and general habits data. Only 2.91% ( = 4) of the pregnant women had As levels above the detection limit. Few participants had levels above the recommended reference values for blood Pb (5.1; 95% CI: 2.1-10.1%), and Mn in hair or toenails (4.3; 95% CI: 2.3-10.1%). On the other hand, 61.1 (95% CI: 52.4-69.3%) had elevated blood Cd levels. After binary logistic regression, low socioeconomic status, domestic waste burning, being a passive smoker, multiparity, and renovating the house significantly increased the chances of having high levels of Mn, Pb, and Cd. We detected a worrying situation related to exposure to Cd, showing the urgency of implementing human biomonitoring in the general population, especially in situations of social vulnerability.
暴露于潜在有毒金属（PTM）会威胁母婴健康。我们调查了巴西雷孔卡沃-巴伊亚地区 163 名孕妇接触铅（Pb）、镉（Cd）、砷（As）和锰（Mn）的决定因素，这些孕妇参加了 DSAN-12M 队列研究。我们使用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法（GFAAS）测量了这些金属在生物样本（血液、趾甲和头发）中的含量，以及她们家中的 Pb 尘载率（RtPb）。我们还应用问卷调查收集了社会人口统计学和一般习惯数据。只有 2.91%（=4）的孕妇的 As 水平超过了检测限。少数参与者的血液 Pb 水平（5.1；95%CI：2.1-10.1%）和头发或趾甲中的 Mn 水平（4.3；95%CI：2.3-10.1%）超过了推荐的参考值。另一方面，61.1%（95%CI：52.4-69.3%）的孕妇血液 Cd 水平升高。经过二元逻辑回归分析，低社会经济地位、家庭垃圾焚烧、被动吸烟、多产和房屋装修显著增加了 Mn、Pb 和 Cd 水平升高的几率。我们发现了与 Cd 暴露相关的令人担忧的情况，这表明在一般人群中实施人体生物监测的紧迫性，特别是在社会弱势的情况下。
