Laboratory of Ecotoxicology, Center of Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo - CENA/USP, P.O. Box 96, 13400-970, Piracicaba (SP), Brazil.
Sci Total Environ. 2012 Aug 15;432:344-9. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.002. Epub 2012 Jun 29.
Animal production is one of the most expressive sectors of Brazilian agro-economy. Although antibiotics are routinely used in this activity, their occurrence, fate, and potential impacts to the local environment are largely unknown. This research evaluated sorption-desorption and occurrence of four commonly used fluoroquinolones (norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, danofloxacin, and enrofloxacin) in poultry litter and soil samples from São Paulo State, Brazil. The sorption-desorption studies involved batch equilibration technique and followed the OECD guideline for pesticides. All compounds were analyzed by HPLC, using fluorescence detector. Fluoroquinolones' sorption potential to the poultry litters (K(d) ≤65 L kg(-1)) was lower than to the soil (K(d) ~40,000 L kg(-1)), but was always high (≥69% of applied amount) indicating a higher specificity of fluoroquinolones interaction with soils. The addition of poultry litter (5%) to the soil had not affected sorption or desorption of these compounds. Desorption was negligible in the soil (≤0.5% of sorbed amount), but not in the poultry litters (up to 42% of sorbed amount). Fluoroquinolones' mean concentrations found in the poultry litters (1.37 to 6.68 mg kg(-1)) and soils (22.93 μg kg(-1)) were compatible to those found elsewhere (Austria, China, and Turkey). Enrofloxacin was the most often detected compound (30% of poultry litters and 27% of soils) at the highest mean concentrations (6.68 mg kg(-1) for poultry litters and 22.93 μg kg(-1) for soils). These results show that antibiotics are routinely used in poultry production and might represent one potential source of pollution to the environment that has been largely ignored and should be further investigated in Brazil.
动物生产是巴西农业经济中最具表现力的部门之一。尽管抗生素在该活动中经常被使用，但它们的存在、命运及其对当地环境的潜在影响在很大程度上是未知的。本研究评估了氟喹诺酮类（诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、丹诺沙星和恩诺沙星）在巴西圣保罗州家禽粪便和土壤样本中的吸附-解吸和发生情况。吸附-解吸研究涉及批量平衡技术，并遵循了经合组织农药指南。所有化合物均采用 HPLC 分析，使用荧光检测器。氟喹诺酮类对家禽粪便的吸附潜力（K(d)≤65 L kg(-1))低于对土壤的吸附潜力（K(d)≈40,000 L kg(-1))，但始终很高（≥施加量的 69%），表明氟喹诺酮类与土壤的相互作用具有更高的特异性。向土壤中添加家禽粪便（5%）并未影响这些化合物的吸附或解吸。在土壤中解吸可忽略不计（≤吸附量的 0.5%），但在家禽粪便中则不然（高达吸附量的 42%）。在家禽粪便（1.37 至 6.68 mg kg(-1))和土壤（22.93 μg kg(-1))中发现的氟喹诺酮类的平均浓度与在其他地方（奥地利、中国和土耳其）发现的浓度相匹配。恩诺沙星是在家禽粪便（30%）和土壤（27%）中最常检测到的化合物，其平均浓度最高（家禽粪便中为 6.68 mg kg(-1)，土壤中为 22.93 μg kg(-1))。这些结果表明，抗生素经常在家禽生产中使用，可能是对环境造成污染的一个潜在来源，但这在很大程度上被忽视了，应该在巴西进一步调查。
