Clinical Tuberculosis Epidemiology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Respiration. 2013;85(2):112-8. doi: 10.1159/000338559. Epub 2012 Jul 3.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide, and half of all incident lung cancers are believed to occur in the developing countries, including Iran.
We investigated the association of opium with the risk of lung cancer in a case-control study.
We enrolled 242 cases and 484 matched controls in this study. A questionnaire was developed, containing questions on basic demographic characteristics, as well as lifelong history of smoking cigarettes, exposure to passive smoking, opium use and alcohol consumption. For smoking cigarettes and opium and also oral opium intake frequency, duration and cumulative use were categorized into three groups: no use, low use and high use. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
Multivariate analysis in men showed that after adjusting for the effect of ethnicity, education and pack years of smoking cigarettes, smoking opium remained as a significant independent risk factor with an OR of 3.1 (95% CI 1.2-8.1). In addition, concomitant heavy smoking of cigarettes and opium dramatically increased the risk of lung cancer to an OR of 35.0 (95% CI 11.4-107.9).
This study demonstrated that smoking opium is associated with a high risk of lung cancer as an independent risk factor.
肺癌是全球癌症相关死亡的主要原因，据信一半的肺癌病例发生在发展中国家，包括伊朗。
我们通过病例对照研究调查了鸦片与肺癌风险之间的关联。
我们在这项研究中纳入了 242 例病例和 484 例匹配对照。设计了一份问卷，其中包含基本人口统计学特征、吸烟、被动吸烟暴露、鸦片使用和饮酒史等问题。对于吸烟和鸦片，以及口服鸦片的频率、持续时间和累积使用量，我们将其分为三组：不使用、低使用和高使用。采用条件 logistic 回归计算比值比（ORs）和 95%置信区间（CIs）。
在男性中进行的多变量分析表明，在校正了种族、教育程度和吸烟包年数的影响后，吸烟鸦片仍然是一个显著的独立危险因素，OR 为 3.1（95%CI 1.2-8.1）。此外，同时大量吸烟和吸食鸦片会显著增加肺癌的风险，OR 为 35.0（95%CI 11.4-107.9）。
本研究表明，吸烟鸦片是一个独立的危险因素，与肺癌风险高有关。
