Holmes Susan
Faculty of Health and Social Care, Canterbury Christ Church University, Kent.
Nurs Stand. 2012;26(39):41-6. doi: 10.7748/ns2012.05.26.39.41.c9133.
Many patients are unable to eat, while others are malnourished and therefore may need nutritional support. Encouraging adequate consumption of a well-balanced diet, possibly supplemented with additional snacks and nutritious drinks, is the simplest and cheapest means of providing effective nutritional care to such patients, enteral feeding may be required. In the short-term, this may mean feeding through a nasogastric or nasojejunal tube. For longer periods, permanent feeding access is indicated, most commonly through a gastrostomy. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy is a minimally invasive technique that places a feeding tube into the stomach orjejunum and is considered to be relatively simple and safe, while causing minimal discomfort. However, both methods of enteral feeding have been associated with risks to patient safety which are discussed. Despite this, enteral feeding is increasingly used to ensure patients meet their nutritional needs in hospital and the community.
许多患者无法进食，而其他患者则营养不良，因此可能需要营养支持。鼓励患者充分摄入均衡饮食，并可能辅以额外的零食和营养饮品，是为这类患者提供有效营养护理最简单、最经济的方法，可能需要进行肠内喂养。短期内，这可能意味着通过鼻胃管或鼻空肠管进行喂养。对于较长时间的喂养，需要建立永久性的喂养通道，最常见的是通过胃造口术。经皮内镜下胃造口术是一种微创技术，将喂养管置入胃或空肠，被认为相对简单、安全，且造成的不适最小。然而，这两种肠内喂养方法都存在与患者安全相关的风险，本文将对此进行讨论。尽管如此，肠内喂养在医院和社区中越来越多地被用于确保患者满足其营养需求。
