Department of Medical Humanities and Social Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA.
Am J Prev Med. 2012 Aug;43(2 Suppl 1):S57-66. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.04.023.
The majority of studies on youth violence have focused on factors that increase the risk for youth violence.
To assess whether determinants of violence operate as risk factors, direct protective factors, or both during adolescence and young adulthood.
Data from participants in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, aged 13 years at Wave 1, were analyzed. Individual, family, school, peer, and community factors during adolescence (Wave 1 [1995]; age 13 years) were examined as predictors of violence involvement during adolescence (Wave 2 [1996]; age 14 years) and in young adulthood (Wave 3 [2001-2002]; ages 18-20 years).
Twelve percent of participants aged 14 years and 8% of participants aged 18-20 years reported serious violence involvement during the past 12 months. Bivariate analyses revealed risk and direct protective factors for violence at both time points. Risk for violence at age 14 years was increased by earlier attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, low school connectedness, low grade-point average, and high peer delinquency. Direct protective factors for youth violence at age 14 years included low ADHD symptoms, low emotional distress, high educational aspirations, and high grade-point averages. Bivariate analyses showed a lower risk of violence among youth aged 18-20 years who reported low peer delinquency at age 13 years. Multiple logistic regression analyses predicting violence involvement showed direct protective effects for low ADHD symptoms and low emotional distress at age 14 years, and a direct protective effect for low peer delinquency at ages 18-20 years, after controlling for demographic characteristics.
Findings suggest that violence involvement remains difficult to predict but indicate the importance of assessing both risk and direct protective factors for understanding violent behavior.
大多数关于青少年暴力的研究都集中在增加青少年暴力风险的因素上。
评估在青少年和青年时期，暴力的决定因素是作为风险因素、直接保护因素还是两者兼而有之。
对参加国家青少年健康纵向研究的参与者的数据进行了分析。在青少年时期（第 1 波[1995 年]；年龄 13 岁）的个人、家庭、学校、同伴和社区因素被视为预测青少年时期（第 2 波[1996 年]；年龄 14 岁）和青年时期（第 3 波[2001-2002 年]；年龄 18-20 岁）暴力参与的因素。
14 岁的参与者中有 12%和 18-20 岁的参与者中有 8%报告在过去 12 个月内有严重的暴力行为。双变量分析显示，在两个时间点上，暴力行为都存在风险和直接保护因素。14 岁时的暴力风险增加与早期注意力缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）症状、学校联系度低、平均绩点低和同伴犯罪率高有关。青少年 14 岁时暴力的直接保护因素包括 ADHD 症状低、情绪困扰低、教育抱负高和平均绩点高。双变量分析显示，13 岁时报告同伴犯罪率低的青少年，在 18-20 岁时暴力风险较低。在控制人口统计学特征后，预测暴力参与的多变量逻辑回归分析显示，14 岁时 ADHD 症状和情绪困扰低以及 18-20 岁时同伴犯罪率低具有直接保护作用。
研究结果表明，暴力行为仍然难以预测，但表明评估风险和直接保护因素对于理解暴力行为非常重要。
