Institute of Criminology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Am J Prev Med. 2012 Aug;43(2 Suppl 1):S8-S23. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2012.04.029.
This article discusses conceptual issues and reviews knowledge about direct and buffering protective factors in the development of youth violence. Direct protective factors predict a low probability of violence, whereas buffering protective factors predict a low probability of violence in the presence of risk (and often interact with risk factors). Individual, family, school, peer, and neighborhood factors are reviewed. Heterogeneity of variables, measurement, contexts, study design, sample, and other characteristics limit generalizations. However, there were various evidence-based candidates for having a direct protective or buffering protective effect such as above-average intelligence, low impulsivity/easy temperament, enhanced anxiety, prosocial attitudes, high heart rate, close relationship to at least one parent, intensive parental supervision, medium SES of the family, sound academic achievement, strong school bonding, a positive school/class climate, nondeviant peers, and living in a nondeprived and nonviolent neighborhood. The probability of violence decreases as the number of protective factors increases (a dose-response relationship). Implications for future research and practice concern adequate research designs to detect nonlinear relationships; conceptually and methodologically homogeneous studies; differentiated analyses with regard to age, gender, and other characteristics; and greater integration of longitudinal correlational research with (quasi-)experimental intervention studies.
本文讨论了青年暴力行为发展中直接和缓冲保护因素的概念问题和相关知识。直接保护因素预测暴力行为的可能性较低，而缓冲保护因素则预测存在风险时暴力行为的可能性较低（并且通常与风险因素相互作用）。本文回顾了个体、家庭、学校、同伴和社区因素。变量、测量、背景、研究设计、样本和其他特征的异质性限制了推广。然而，有各种基于证据的候选因素具有直接保护或缓冲保护作用，例如高于平均水平的智力、低冲动/易性情、增强的焦虑、亲社会态度、高心率、与至少一位父母的密切关系、密集的父母监督、家庭中等 SES、良好的学业成绩、强烈的学校归属感、积极的学校/班级氛围、非偏差同伴以及生活在非贫困和非暴力社区。随着保护因素数量的增加，暴力行为的可能性降低（剂量反应关系）。未来研究和实践的意义涉及到检测非线性关系的适当研究设计；具有概念和方法学一致性的研究；根据年龄、性别和其他特征进行差异化分析；以及将纵向相关研究与（准）实验干预研究更紧密地结合起来。
