Division of Cardiology, Ferrarotto Hospital, University of Catania, Italy.
J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2013 Apr;14(4):317-8. doi: 10.2459/JCM.0b013e328356a3e0.
Periodic echocardiographic evaluation of valve function is recommended in all patients with prosthetic valves. Usually trans-thoracic echocardiography (TTE) is satisfactory to assess prosthetic function. Nevertheless when the TTE is suboptimal or in case of strong clinical doubt of prosthetic valve dysfunction, trans-esophageal echocardiography (TEE) remains the gold standard of imaging. Recent advancements in echocardiography, with the three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction, provide an incremental diagnostic value as compared to two-dimensional TEE. In addition, 3D-TEE gives unique views that add extra morphological and anatomical information, providing a very accurate presurgical evaluation.
建议所有人工瓣膜患者定期进行瓣膜功能的超声心动图评估。通常经胸超声心动图（TTE）足以评估人工瓣膜功能。然而，当 TTE 结果不理想或强烈怀疑人工瓣膜功能障碍时，经食管超声心动图（TEE）仍然是成像的金标准。超声心动图的最新进展，包括三维（3D）重建，与二维 TEE 相比提供了额外的诊断价值。此外，3D-TEE 提供了独特的视图，增加了额外的形态和解剖学信息，提供了非常准确的术前评估。
