École de psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
Mem Cognit. 2012 Nov;40(8):1339-51. doi: 10.3758/s13421-012-0231-3.
The present study deals with the impact on temporal estimation of previous knowledge about the duration of a specific task (referred to as "task duration knowledge"). Athletes were recruited in this study because they are assumed to have high levels of task duration knowledge in their discipline. In Experiment 1, 28 elite swimmers had to estimate the time it would take to swim a given distance using two different strokes for which they had different task duration knowledge levels. The swimmers estimated duration more accurately and with less uncertainty in the high-knowledge than in the low-knowledge condition. In Experiment 2, the swimmers had to produce 36 s of swimming in various contexts that altered the retrieval of their task duration knowledge, with and without a secondary task. When swimmers could not rely on their task duration knowledge, their productions were more affected by the secondary task. In Experiment 3, the swimmers were more precise at producing time when visualising something that they knew well (swimming) rather than something that they had never experienced, which shows that physical execution is not a mandatory requirement for observing the enhancement effect resulting from task duration knowledge. These three converging experiments suggest that task duration knowledge is strongly involved in time perception.
本研究探讨了先前关于特定任务持续时间的知识（称为“任务持续时间知识”）对时间估计的影响。之所以选择运动员进行这项研究，是因为他们被认为在自己的学科领域具有高度的任务持续时间知识。在实验 1 中，28 名精英游泳运动员需要使用两种不同的泳姿来估计游完给定距离所需的时间，他们对这两种泳姿的任务持续时间知识水平不同。游泳运动员在高知识水平条件下比在低知识水平条件下更准确和更有把握地估计时间。在实验 2 中，游泳运动员必须在各种改变任务持续时间知识检索的情境中完成 36 秒的游泳，同时或不进行次要任务。当游泳运动员无法依赖他们的任务持续时间知识时，他们的表现会受到次要任务的更大影响。在实验 3 中，游泳运动员在想象他们熟悉的事情（游泳）时比想象他们从未经历过的事情时更准确地产生时间，这表明物理执行不是观察任务持续时间知识产生的增强效果的必要条件。这三个相互印证的实验表明，任务持续时间知识强烈地参与了时间感知。
