Onono Joshua Orungo, Wieland Barbara, Rushton Jonathan
Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Veterinary Epidemiology and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, AL97TA, Hatfield, UK.
Trop Anim Health Prod. 2013 Feb;45(2):423-30. doi: 10.1007/s11250-012-0233-y. Epub 2012 Jul 23.
Cattle are kept as an important source of livelihood in many Kenyan farming households whilst also having cultural and social value. A review was undertaken to estimate productivity in the three main Kenyan cattle production systems: small-scale dairy and meat; small-scale dairy; and large-scale dairy and meat. Data on production parameters were collected through a systematic literature search of electronic databases for peer reviewed and grey literature. The parameters included were reproductive rates, mortality rates and yields. Prices for livestock and livestock products were estimated from markets. The data were used to estimate net output from cattle using the Livestock Productivity Efficiency Calculator (LPEC), a deterministic steady state model which measures productivity as net output per megajoule (MJ) of metabolisable energy (ME). The estimated net outputs per livestock unit year(-1) were USD 146.6, USD 215.1 and USD 84.8 in the large-scale dairy and meat, small-scale dairy and meat and small-scale dairy systems, respectively. Milk production contributed significantly to net output in all systems and was 91.8 % of total output in small-scale dairy. Cattle sales had the highest contribution to net output in large-scale dairy and meat system (45.1 %). Sensitivity analysis indicated that output was most affected by milk yield, age and weight at maturity and parturition rate. The productivity differences between the production systems call for more detailed research on the constraints to the production systems such as diseases, and to describe the benefits that farmers and society would obtain from disease control and improved management.
在许多肯尼亚农户家庭中，牛作为重要的生计来源被饲养，同时还具有文化和社会价值。开展了一项综述，以估算肯尼亚三种主要养牛生产系统的生产力：小规模奶肉兼用；小规模奶牛养殖；大规模奶肉兼用。通过对电子数据库进行系统的文献检索，收集同行评审文献和灰色文献中的生产参数数据。纳入的参数包括繁殖率、死亡率和产量。根据市场情况估算牲畜及畜产品价格。利用牲畜生产力效率计算器（LPEC）来估算牛的净产出，LPEC是一个确定性稳态模型，将生产力衡量为每兆焦耳（MJ）可代谢能量（ME）的净产出。大规模奶肉兼用、小规模奶肉兼用和小规模奶牛养殖系统中，每牲畜单位年（-1）的估计净产出分别为146.6美元、215.1美元和84.8美元。在所有系统中，牛奶生产对净产出贡献显著，在小规模奶牛养殖中占总产出的91.8%。在大规模奶肉兼用系统中，牛的销售对净产出贡献最大（45.1%）。敏感性分析表明，产出受牛奶产量、成熟时的年龄和体重以及产犊率影响最大。生产系统之间的生产力差异要求对疾病等生产系统的制约因素开展更详细的研究，并描述农民和社会从疾病控制和改善管理中获得的益处。
