Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway.
Eur J Epidemiol. 2012 Sep;27(9):717-27. doi: 10.1007/s10654-012-9719-1. Epub 2012 Jul 27.
Numerous epidemiological studies have shown associations between increases in outdoor air pollution and all-cause mortality as well as cardiovascular and respiratory related mortality. The majority of studies has used the routine monitoring network and thus has not been able to characterize the small-scale variation in daily averages and peak concentrations within urban settings. To address possible short term impact on mortally by air pollution we used a time-stratified case-crossover design to estimate associations of traffic-related air pollution and wood burning and daily mortality during a period of 10 years among residents above 50 years of age in Oslo, Norway. A dispersion model was used to assess short-term air pollution for daily (24-h) averages and peak concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) from exhaust and particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 μm or less (PM(2.5)) from exhaust and wood-burning at residential neighbourhood level for each individual. We found an overall increased risk from exposure at the lag of 0-5 days before the day of death for both pollutants. The excess risk was highest for PM(2.5) with a 2.8 % (95 % confidence interval: 1.2-4.4) increase per 10 μg per cubic meter change in daily exposure. Short-term traffic-related air pollution was associated with increased risk for mortality among individuals above 50 years of age, especially for circulatory outcomes.
许多流行病学研究表明，户外空气污染增加与全因死亡率以及心血管和呼吸道相关死亡率之间存在关联。大多数研究都使用了常规监测网络，因此无法描述城市环境中日常平均值和峰值浓度的小规模变化。为了研究空气污染对死亡率的短期影响，我们采用时间分层病例交叉设计，在挪威奥斯陆，对 50 岁以上居民在 10 年期间与交通相关的空气污染和木柴燃烧以及每日死亡率之间的关联进行了估计。我们使用扩散模型评估了短期空气污染，即每日（24 小时）平均值和峰值浓度的二氧化氮（NO 2 ）来自废气和粒径为 2.5μm 或更小的颗粒物（PM 2.5 ）来自废气和木柴燃烧，对于每个个体的居民区水平。我们发现，对于这两种污染物，在死亡日之前 0-5 天的滞后时间暴露，风险总体增加。对于 PM 2.5 ，每日暴露每增加 10μg/m 3 ，超额风险最高，增加 2.8%（95%置信区间：1.2-4.4）。短期交通相关的空气污染与 50 岁以上人群的死亡率增加有关，尤其是与循环系统的结果有关。
