KWR Watercycle Research Institute, Groningenhaven 7, 3433 PE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands.
Water Res. 2012 Oct 15;46(16):4918-32. doi: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.03.047. Epub 2012 Apr 25.
A survey of invertebrates in drinking water from treatment works, internal taps and hydrants on mains was carried out by almost all water companies in the Netherlands from September 1993 to August 1995. Aquatic sow bugs (Asellidae, 1-12 mm) and oligochaeta worms (Oligochaeta, 1-100 mm), both known to have caused rare though embarrassing consumer complaints, were found to form 98% of the mean biomass in water flushed from mains. Their numbers in the mains water ranged up to 1500 (mean 37) Asellidae m(-3) and up to 9900 (mean 135) Oligochaeta m(-3). Smaller crustaceans (0.5-2 mm) dominated the numbers in water from mains. e.g. water fleas (Cladocera and Copepoda up to 14,000 m(-3)). Common invertebrates in treated water and in tap water were Rotifera (<1 mm) and nematode worms (Nematoda, <2 mm). No Asellidae, large Oligochaeta (>5 mm) or other large invertebrates were found in 1560 samples of 200 l treated water or tap water. Large variations in invertebrate abundance were found within and between distribution systems. Of the variability of mean biomass in mains per system, 55%, 60% and 63% could statistically be explained by differences in the Biofilm Formation Rate, non-particulate organic matter and the permanganate index of the treated water of the treatment works respectively. A similar correlation was found between mean invertebrate biomass and mean sediment volumes in the distribution systems (R(2) = 52%).
1993 年 9 月至 1995 年 8 月，荷兰几乎所有的自来水公司都对处理厂、内部龙头和总管中的饮用水中的无脊椎动物进行了调查。水生板甲（Asellidae，1-12 毫米）和寡毛纲蠕虫（Oligochaeta，1-100 毫米）都被认为是引起罕见但尴尬的消费者投诉的原因，它们在从总管中冲洗出来的水中形成了平均生物量的 98%。它们在总管水中的数量高达 1500 个（平均 37 个）板甲和高达 9900 个（平均 135 个）寡毛纲蠕虫。较小的甲壳类动物（0.5-2 毫米）在总管水中的数量占主导地位。例如，水蚤（Cladocera 和 Copepoda 高达 14000 m(-3)）。处理水中和龙头水中常见的无脊椎动物是轮虫（<1 毫米）和线虫（<2 毫米）。在 1560 个 200 升处理水或龙头水样本中未发现板甲、大型寡毛纲（>5 毫米）或其他大型无脊椎动物。在分配系统内和之间发现了无脊椎动物丰度的巨大变化。系统中总管平均生物量的变异性中，55%、60%和 63%可以分别通过处理厂处理水的生物膜形成率、非颗粒有机物质和高锰酸盐指数的差异在统计学上得到解释。在分配系统中，平均无脊椎动物生物量与平均沉积物体积之间也发现了类似的相关性（R(2) = 52%）。
